Role of mast cells and innate immune lymphoid (ILC2) cells in lung transplantation

The multifunctional role of mast cells (MCs) in the immune system is complex and has not fully been explored. MCs reside in tissues and mucous membranes such as the lung, digestive tract, and skin which are strategically located at interfaces with the external environment. These cells, therefore, will encounter external stimuli and pathogens. MCs modulate both the innate and the adaptive immune response in in fl ammatory disorders including transplantation. MCs can have pro- and anti-in fl ammatory functions, thereby regulating the outcome of lung transplantation through secretion of mediators that allow interaction with other cell types, particularly innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). ILC2 cells are a unique population of hematopoietic cells that coordinate the innate immune response against a variety of threats including infection, tissue damage, and homeostatic disruption. In addition, MCs can modulate alloreactive T cell responses or assist in T regulatory (Treg) cell activity. This paper outlines the current understanding of the role of MCs in lung transplantation, with a speci fi c focus on their interaction with ILC2 cells within the engrafted organ. addition, IL-2 released from MCs induces tolerance in Treg cells and regulates transplantation survival. Activated ILC2s, MCs, and Th2 cells release Areg which is important in promoting EC repair from injury. Damaged epithelial cells, seen during transplant rejection, release IL-33 and ATP, which together can act on ILC2 and MCs to enhance their activity. A number of inhibitors including montelukast, IL-27, corticosteroid, PGI 2 , and lipoxin A4, can suppress the activation and/or proliferation of ILC2s and their release of in fl ammatory mediators. epithelial cells; ILC2: innate

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