Synthesis of Split-Rings-Based Artificial Transmission Lines Through a New Two-Step, Fast Converging, and Robust Aggressive Space Mapping (ASM) Algorithm

This paper is focused on the synthesis of artificial transmission lines based on complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). The considered structures are microstrip lines with CSRRs etched in the ground plane and microstrip lines loaded with both CSRRs and series capacitive gaps. An aggressive space mapping (ASM) optimization algorithm, able to automatically generate the layout of these artificial lines, has been developed. The tool has been optimized in order to achieve fast convergence and to provide accurate results. The main relevant aspects of the proposed algorithm (based on a novel two-step ASM optimization approach) are: 1) the capability to provide the implementable circuit elements of the equivalent circuit model of the considered artificial lines and 2) the ability to converge in a few (unprecedented) iteration steps, due to a new procedure to generate the initial layouts (which are very close to the final ones). First, the software is tested through the synthesis of several CSRR-based microstrip lines, and then some practical application examples of such artificial lines are reported to illustrate the potential of the proposed synthesis tool.

[1]  G. Eleftheriades,et al.  Negative refractive index metamaterials supporting 2-D waves , 2002, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[2]  T. Itoh,et al.  Arbitrary dual-band components using composite right/left-handed transmission lines , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[3]  Sailing He.  Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. By Christophe Caloz and Tatsuo Itoh. , 2007 .

[4]  Michael B. Steer,et al.  Foundations of Interconnect and Microstrip Design , 2000 .

[5]  Douglas M. Bates,et al.  Nonlinear Regression Analysis and Its Applications , 1988 .

[6]  Jordi Bonache,et al.  Recent Advances in Metamaterial Transmission Lines Based on Split Rings , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[7]  M. B. Steer,et al.  Foundations of Interconnect and Microstrip Design: Edwards/Foundations of Interconnect and Microstrip Design , 2000 .

[8]  A. Gorur,et al.  A novel coplanar slow-wave structure , 1994, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters.

[9]  J. Bonache,et al.  Babinet principle applied to the design of metasurfaces and metamaterials. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[10]  G. Siso,et al.  Application of Composite Right/Left Handed (CRLH) Transmission Lines based on Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRRs) to the Design of Dual-Band Microwave Components , 2008, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[11]  Jordi Bonache,et al.  Application of metamaterial transmission lines to design of quadrature phase shifters , 2007 .

[12]  Jordi Bonache,et al.  Parametric analysis of microstrip lines loaded with complementary split ring resonators , 2008 .

[13]  J. Bonache,et al.  Novel microstrip bandpass filters based on complementary split-ring resonators , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[14]  G.V. Eleftheriades,et al.  A broadband series power divider using zero-degree metamaterial phase-shifting lines , 2005, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[15]  A Pothier,et al.  Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) Based on Micro-Electro-Mechanical Deflectable Cantilever-Type Rings: Application to Tunable Stopband Filters , 2011, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[16]  E. Serebryakova,et al.  Broadband digital phase shifter based on switchable right- and left-handed transmission line sections , 2006, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[17]  Willie J Padilla,et al.  Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity , 2000, Physical review letters.

[18]  J. Bonache,et al.  Composite Right/Left-Handed Metamaterial Transmission Lines Based on Complementary Split-Rings Resonators and Their Applications to Very Wideband and Compact Filter Design , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[19]  Vicente E. Boria,et al.  Application of aggressive space mapping to the synthesis of composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission lines based on complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) , 2011, 2011 41st European Microwave Conference.

[20]  Choon Sik Cho,et al.  Concurrent Dual-Band Class-E Power Amplifier Using Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Lines , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[21]  S. H. Chen,et al.  Electromagnetic optimization exploiting aggressive space mapping , 1995 .

[22]  I. Gil,et al.  Spurious passband suppression in microstrip coupled line band pass filters by means of split ring resonators , 2004, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[23]  T. Itoh,et al.  A compact enhanced-bandwidth hybrid ring using an artificial lumped-element left-handed transmission-line section , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[24]  Mario Sorolla,et al.  Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design, and Microwave Applications , 2013 .

[25]  C. Camacho-Peñalosa,et al.  High-gain active composite right/left-handed leaky-wave antenna , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[26]  A. Oliner.  A periodic-structure negative-refractive-index medium without resonant elements , 2002 .

[27]  Ferran Martin,et al.  Miniaturisation of planar microwave circuits by using resonant-type left-handed transmission lines , 2007 .

[28]  F. Martín,et al.  Effective negative-/spl epsiv/ stopband microstrip lines based on complementary split ring resonators , 2004, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[29]  Jordi Bonache,et al.  Planar Multi-Band Microwave Components Based on the Generalized Composite Right/Left Handed Transmission Line Concept , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[30]  John W. Bandler,et al.  Space mapping technique for electromagnetic optimization , 1994 .

[31]  Jordi Bonache,et al.  Applications of resonant‐type metamaterial transmission lines to the design of enhanced bandwidth components with compact dimensions , 2008 .

[32]  Tatsuo Itoh,et al.  Miniature low-loss CPW periodic structures for filter applications , 2001 .

[33]  G.V. Eleftheriades,et al.  A Quad-Band Wilkinson Power Divider Using Generalized NRI Transmission Lines , 2008, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[34]  Vicente E. Boria,et al.  Synthesis of planar microwave circuits through aggressive space mapping using commercially available software packages , 2010 .

[35]  J.W. Bandler,et al.  Space mapping: the state of the art , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[36]  Vicente E. Boria,et al.  Towards the automatic layout synthesis in resonant-type metamaterial transmission lines , 2010 .

[37]  J. Bonache,et al.  Split ring resonator-based left-handed coplanar waveguide , 2003 .

[38]  Chao-Wei Wang,et al.  A New Planar Artificial Transmission Line and Its Applications to a Miniaturized Butler Matrix , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[39]  G. Eleftheriades,et al.  A broadband Wilkinson balun using microstrip metamaterial lines , 2005, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[40]  T. Itoh,et al.  Application of the transmission line theory of left-handed (LH) materials to the realization of a microstrip "LH line" , 2002, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37313).

[41]  T. Itoh,et al.  Metamaterial-based electronically controlled transmission-line structure as a novel leaky-wave antenna with tunable radiation angle and beamwidth , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[42]  J. Pendry,et al.  Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena , 1999 .