The distinction between genotoxic and epigenetic carcinogens and implication for cancer risk.

Much progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in the last 50 years. Early studies identified macromolecular binding of carcinogens first to protein (Miller and Miller, 1953; Weisburger and Weisburger, 1958), then to RNA (Marroquin and Farber, 1965). Subsequently, methods to isolate DNA from cells became available, and Watson and Crick provided information about the molecular structure of DNA, which opened the possibility to examine the hypothesis that cancer stemmed from a somatic mutation. Szafarz and Weisburger (1969) and Matsushima and Weisburger (1969) carefully investigated radioactivity from

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