The manifestation of traits in everyday behavior and affect: : A five-culture study

Abstract Consistent with trait theory and the density distributions approach ( Fleeson, 2001 ), the Big Five traits predicted personality and affect states across 20 days in five cultures. Perceived autonomy in everyday situations did not moderate the strength of the trait-state relationships, but individuals manifested the positive pole of the Big Five traits more in situations in which they perceived greater autonomy. Consistent with the dynamic mediation model ( Wilt, Noftle, Fleeson, & Spain, 2012 ), the relationships between trait extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience and positive affect states were generally fully mediated by the associated personality states. Cultural differences in the strength of the trait-state relationships were limited and were not accounted for by cultural differences in individualism–collectivism, dialecticism, or tightness.

[1]  L. R. Goldberg.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARKERS FOR THE BIG-FIVE FACTOR STRUCTURE , 1992 .

[2]  Heather M. Coon,et al.  Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[3]  G. Curtis,et al.  Relating Self-Concept Consistency to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Eight Cultures , 2014 .

[4]  H. Markus,et al.  “Who Am I?” The Cultural Psychology of the Conceptual Self , 2001 .

[5]  T. Singelis,et al.  The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals , 1994 .

[6]  J. Lowman,et al.  The effect of state extraversion on four types of affect , 2010 .

[7]  S. West,et al.  A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. , 2002, Psychological methods.

[8]  A. Realo,et al.  Emotional Experience and Its Relation to the Five-Factor Model in Estonian , 1997 .

[9]  S. Gosling,et al.  Personality in its natural habitat: manifestations and implicit folk theories of personality in daily life. , 2006, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[10]  W. Fleeson.  Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: traits as density distribution of states. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[11]  A. T. Church,et al.  Cultural Differences in Implicit Theories and Self-Perceptions of Traitedness , 2012 .

[12]  David C. Zuroff,et al.  Robust predictors of flux, pulse, and spin , 2005 .

[13]  E. Deci,et al.  The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior , 2000 .

[14]  J. Dragūns,et al.  Culture, meaning, and personality in Mexico and in the United States. , 1999 .

[15]  Robert Biswas-Diener,et al.  Cross-situational consistency of affective experiences across cultures. , 2004, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[16]  G. Curtis,et al.  Culture, cross-role consistency, and adjustment: testing trait and cultural psychology perspectives. , 2008, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[17]  H. Triandis.  Individualism And Collectivism , 1995 .

[18]  W. Fleeson,et al.  The causal effects of extraversion on positive affect and neuroticism on negative affect: Manipulating state extraversion and state neuroticism in an experimental approach , 2006 .

[19]  A. T. Church,et al.  Prediction and Cross-Situational Consistency of Daily Behavior across Cultures: Testing Trait and Cultural Psychology Perspectives. , 2008, Journal of research in personality.

[20]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Divergent consequences of success and failure in japan and north america: an investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[21]  H. Markus,et al.  The Cultural Psychology of Personality , 1998 .

[22]  Barbara M. Byrne,et al.  Structural equation modeling with AMOS , 2010 .

[23]  R. Depue,et al.  Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion , 1999, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[24]  W. Fleeson,et al.  The relevance of big five trait content in behavior to subjective authenticity: do high levels of within-person behavioral variability undermine or enable authenticity achievement? , 2010, Journal of personality.

[25]  T. English,et al.  Bull Tammy English and Serena Chen Self-Concept Consistency and Culture : The Differential Impact of Two Forms of Consistency , 2011 .

[26]  K. Mastor,et al.  Cross-cultural generalizability of the Personality and Role Identity Structural Model (PRISM): Implications for trait and cultural psychology , 2013 .

[27]  A. T. Church,et al.  The Structure And Personality Correlates Of Affect In Mexico , 2003 .

[28]  L. Clark,et al.  Extraversion and Its Positive Emotional Core , 1997 .

[29]  E. Rosenberg.  Levels of Analysis and the Organization of Affect , 1998 .

[30]  D. Funder.  Persons, behaviors and situations: An agenda for personality psychology in the postwar era , 2009 .

[31]  W. Mischel.  On the future of personality measurement. , 1977 .

[32]  Kenneth H. Craik,et al.  The Act Frequency Approach to Personality , 1983 .

[33]  P. Costa,et al.  Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The Full Five-Factor Model and Well-Being , 1991 .

[34]  G. Hofstede.  Culture′s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations , 2001 .

[35]  David Watson,et al.  The PANAS-X manual for the positive and negative affect schedule , 1994 .

[36]  David C. Funder,et al.  Properties of persons and situations related to overall and distinctive personality-behavior congruence , 2012 .

[37]  P. Costa,et al.  Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: happy and unhappy people. , 1980, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[38]  John A. Johnson,et al.  Handbook of personality psychology. , 1997 .

[39]  Kibum Kim,et al.  Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study , 2011, Science.

[40]  D. Funder.  Global Traits: A Neo-Allportian Approach to Personality , 1991 .

[41]  J. S. Wiggins,et al.  In defense of traits. , 1997 .

[42]  E. Gullone,et al.  The relationship between personality and affect over the lifespan , 1999 .

[43]  Kennon M. Sheldon,et al.  What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[44]  K. Mastor,et al.  Within-individual variability in self-concepts and personality states: Applying density distribution and situation-behavior approaches across cultures , 2013 .

[45]  The dynamic role of personality states in mediating the relationship between extraversion and positive affect. , 2012, Journal of personality.

[46]  Jana L. Raver,et al.  On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. , 2006, The Journal of applied psychology.

[47]  Elizabeth A. Hardie,et al.  The development and validation of the Relational, Individual, and Collective self‐aspects (RIC) Scale , 2000 .

[48]  B. Byrne.  Structural equation modeling with EQS : basic concepts, applications, and programming , 2000 .

[49]  A. Tellegen.  Personality traits: Issues of definition, evidence, and assessment. , 1991 .

[50]  D. Funder,et al.  The Riverside Behavioral Q-sort: a tool for the description of social behavior. , 2000, Journal of Personality.

[51]  W. Fleeson,et al.  An intraindividual process approach to the relationship between extraversion and positive affect: is acting extraverted as "good" as being extraverted? , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[52]  Melissa J. Williams,et al.  Cultural Differences in Expectations of Change and Tolerance for Contradiction: A Decade of Empirical Research , 2010, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[53]  P. Borkenau,et al.  Thin slices of behavior as cues of personality and intelligence. , 2004, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[54]  R. Ryan,et al.  Why identities fluctuate: variability in traits as a function of situational variations in autonomy support. , 2007, Journal of personality.

[55]  W. Ickes,et al.  Personality influences on the choice of situations , 1997 .

[56]  Murray R. Barrick,et al.  Autonomy as a moderator of the relationships between the Big Five personality dimensions and job performance. , 1993 .

[57]  J. Gross,et al.  Relations between Affect and Personality: Support for the Affect-Level and Affective-Reactivity Views , 1998 .

[58]  Reeshad S. Dalal,et al.  A meta‐analytic investigation into the moderating effects of situational strength on the conscientiousness–performance relationship , 2009 .

[59]  G. Curtis,et al.  Self-concept consistency and short-term stability in eight cultures , 2012 .

[60]  E. Suh.  Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[61]  D. Heller,et al.  The Dynamics of Personality States, Goals, and Well-Being , 2007, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[62]  Peter B. Smith.  Acquiescent Response Bias as an Aspect of Cultural Communication Style , 2004 .

[63]  G. Saucier.  Mini-markers: a brief version of Goldberg's unipolar big-five markers. , 1994, Journal of personality assessment.

[64]  Martin F. Lynch,et al.  On being yourself in different cultures: ideal and actual self-concept, autonomy support, and well-being in China, Russia, and the United States , 2009 .

[65]  A. Schütz,et al.  A cross-cultural study of relationships between daily social interaction and the five-factor model of personality. , 2011, Journal of personality.

[66]  S. Oishi.  The Experiencing and Remembering of Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Analysis , 2002 .

[67]  K. Peng,et al.  Dialectical Self-Esteem and East-West Differences in Psychological Well-Being , 2004, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[68]  W. Fleeson,et al.  On delineating and integrating the study of variability and stability in personality psychology: Interpersonal trust as illustration ☆ , 2006 .

[69]  Richard E. Lucas,et al.  Cross-cultural evidence for the fundamental features of extraversion. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[70]  E. Deci,et al.  Within-person variation in security of attachment: a self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[71]  H. Markus,et al.  Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. , 1991 .

[72]  Ed Diener,et al.  Extraversion and subjective well-being in a U.S. national probability sample , 1992 .

[73]  D. Watson,et al.  On traits and temperament: general and specific factors of emotional experience and their relation to the five-factor model. , 1992, Journal of personality.

[74]  W. Fleeson.  Situation-based contingencies underlying trait-content manifestation in behavior. , 2007, Journal of personality.

[75]  W. Mischel.  Personality and Assessment , 1996 .

[76]  M. Withey,et al.  The Strong Situation Hypothesis , 2009, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[77]  Chu Kim-prieto,et al.  The dynamics of daily events and well-being across cultures: when less is more. , 2007, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[78]  J. Zelenski,et al.  Personality and affective forecasting: trait introverts underpredict the hedonic benefits of acting extraverted. , 2013, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[79]  H. Cooper,et al.  The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. , 1998, Psychological bulletin.

[80]  Robert Biswas-Diener,et al.  An experience sampling and cross-cultural investigation of the relation between pleasant and unpleasant affect , 2005 .

[81]  T. English,et al.  Culture and self-concept stability: consistency across and within contexts among Asian Americans and European Americans. , 2007, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[82]  L. Clark,et al.  Relations between personality traits and self-reports of daily behavior , 2003 .

[83]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. , 1999 .

[84]  L. Ross,et al.  The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology , 1991 .

[85]  Patrick Gallagher,et al.  The implications of Big Five standing for the distribution of trait manifestation in behavior: fifteen experience-sampling studies and a meta-analysis. , 2009, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[86]  V. Benet‐Martínez,et al.  Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. , 2006, Annual review of psychology.

[87]  Seymour Epstein,et al.  The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time. , 1979 .

[88]  A. T. Church,et al.  Culture and the behavioural manifestations of traits: an application of the Act Frequency Approach , 2007, European journal of personality.

[89]  S. Heine,et al.  Self as cultural product: an examination of East Asian and North American selves. , 2001, Journal of personality.

[90]  Eshkol Rafaeli,et al.  Within-Person Changes in the Structure of Emotion , 2007, Psychological science.

[91]  R. Michael Furr,et al.  Personality psychology as a truly behavioural science , 2009 .