Auditory Object Formation and Selection

Most normal-hearing listeners can understand a conversational partner in an everyday setting with an ease that is unmatched by any computational algorithm available today. This ability to reliably extract meaning from a sound source in a mixture of competing sources relies on the fact that natural, meaningful sounds have structure in both time and frequency. Such structure supports two processes that enable humans and animals to solve the cocktail party problem: auditory object formation and auditory object selection. These processes, which are closely intertwined and difficult to isolate, are linked to previous work on auditory scene analysis and auditory attention, respectively. This chapter considers how the brain may implement object formation and object selection. Specifically, the chapter focuses on how different regions of the brain cooperate to isolate the neural representation of sound coming from a source of interest and enhance it while suppressing the responses to distracting or unimportant sounds in a sound mixture.

[1]  D. Broadbent.  The role of auditory localization in attention and memory span. , 1954, Journal of experimental psychology.

[2]  W. K. Taylor,et al.  Some Further Experiments upon the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears , 1954 .

[3]  D. Broadbent,et al.  Successive Responses to Simultaneous Stimuli , 1956 .

[4]  D. Broadbent.  Immediate Memory and Simultaneous Stimuli , 1957 .

[5]  D. Broadbent.  Perception and communication , 1958 .

[6]  N. Moray.  Attention in Dichotic Listening: Affective Cues and the Influence of Instructions , 1959 .

[7]  A. Treisman.  Contextual Cues in Selective Listening , 1960 .

[8]  W. Larkin,et al.  Frequency-response characteristic of auditory observers detecting signals of a single frequency in noise: the probe-signal method. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[9]  R. M. Warren.  Perceptual Restoration of Missing Speech Sounds , 1970, Science.

[10]  E. Terhardt.  Pitch, consonance, and harmony. , 1974, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[11]  G L Dannenbring,et al.  Perceived auditory continuity with alternately rising and falling frequency transitions. , 1976, Canadian journal of psychology.

[12]  A. Treisman,et al.  A feature-integration theory of attention , 1980, Cognitive Psychology.

[13]  D. H. Warren,et al.  Immediate perceptual response to intersensory discrepancy. , 1980, Psychological bulletin.

[14]  A. Samuel.  The role of bottom-up confirmation in the phonemic restoration illusion. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[15]  M. R. Jones,et al.  Evidence for rhythmic attention. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[16]  Leslie G. Ungerleider.  Two cortical visual systems , 1982 .

[17]  N. Sutherland,et al.  Grouping Frequency Components of Vowels: When is a Harmonic not a Harmonic? , 1984 .

[18]  C. Bruce,et al.  Cerebral cortical activity associated with the orientation of visual attention in the rhesus monkey , 1985, Vision Research.

[19]  A. Reeves,et al.  Focused auditory attention and frequency selectivity , 1987, Perception & psychophysics.

[20]  R M Warren,et al.  Illusory continuity of tonal and infratonal periodic sounds. , 1988, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[21]  W. T. Peake,et al.  Experiments in Hearing , 1963 .

[22]  J H Grose,et al.  Comodulation masking release and auditory grouping. , 1990, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[23]  Albert S. Bregman,et al.  The Auditory Scene. (Book Reviews: Auditory Scene Analysis. The Perceptual Organization of Sound.) , 1990 .

[24]  M. Goodale,et al.  Separate visual pathways for perception and action , 1992, Trends in Neurosciences.

[25]  Wolfgang Teder,et al.  Auditory attention and selective input modulation: A topographical ERP study , 1992, Neuroreport.

[26]  C. Darwin,et al.  Grouping in pitch perception: effects of onset asynchrony and ear of presentation of a mistuned component. , 1992, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[27]  C. Darwin,et al.  Perceptual separation of simultaneous vowels: within and across-formant grouping by F0. , 1993, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[28]  C. Darwin,et al.  The role of timbre in the segregation of simultaneous voices with intersecting F0 contours , 1993, Perception & psychophysics.

[29]  F. Bloom,et al.  Modulation of early sensory processing in human auditory cortex during auditory selective attention. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  John F. Culling,et al.  Effects of simulated reverberation on the use of binaural cues and fundamental-frequency differences for separating concurrent vowels , 1994, Speech Commun..

[31]  N. Cowan,et al.  The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: how frequent are attention shifts to one's name in an irrelevant auditory channel? , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[32]  R. Desimone,et al.  Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. , 1995, Annual review of neuroscience.

[33]  C. J. Darwin,et al.  Chapter 11 – Auditory Grouping , 1995 .

[34]  R. W. Hukin,et al.  Comparison of the effect of onset asynchrony on auditory grouping in pitch matching and vowel identification , 1995, Perception & psychophysics.

[35]  C J Darwin,et al.  Grouping in pitch perception: evidence for sequential constraints. , 1995, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[36]  Dani Byrd,et al.  Auditory Selective Attention: An fMRI Investigation , 1996, NeuroImage.

[37]  C Trahiotis,et al.  Extents of laterality and binaural interference effects. , 1996, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[38]  B R Rosen,et al.  Modulation of auditory and visual cortex by selective attention is modality-dependent. , 1996, Neuroreport.

[39]  C. M. Marin,et al.  Concurrent vowel identification II: Effects of phase, harmonicity and task , 1997 .

[40]  D. Woods,et al.  Attention modulates auditory pattern memory as indexed by event-related brain potentials. , 1997, Psychophysiology.

[41]  R. W. Hukin,et al.  Perceptual segregation of a harmonic from a vowel by interaural time difference and frequency proximity. , 1997, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[42]  M. Davidson,et al.  Neurochemistry of attention. , 1998 .

[43]  B C Moore,et al.  The role of spectral and periodicity cues in auditory stream segregation, measured using a temporal discrimination task. , 1999, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[44]  G. Kidd,et al.  Evidence for spatial tuning in informational masking using the probe-signal method. , 2000, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[45]  R Cusack,et al.  Effects of differences in timbre on sequential grouping , 2000, Perception & psychophysics.

[46]  R W Hukin,et al.  Effects of reverberation on spatial, prosodic, and vocal-tract size cues to selective attention. , 2000, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[47]  M. Posner,et al.  Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex , 2000, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[48]  M. Botvinick,et al.  Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. , 2001, Psychological review.

[49]  T Dau,et al.  Modulation detection interference: effects of concurrent and sequential streaming. , 2001, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[50]  W. Singer,et al.  Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top–down processing , 2001, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[51]  W. Singer,et al.  Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness , 2001, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[52]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  The neural basis of biased competition in human visual cortex , 2001, Neuropsychologia.

[53]  Michael F. Bunting,et al.  The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: The importance of working memory capacity , 2001, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[54]  T. Picton,et al.  Bottom-up and top-down influences on auditory scene analysis: evidence from event-related brain potentials. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[55]  D S Brungart,et al.  Informational and energetic masking effects in the perception of two simultaneous talkers. , 2001, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[56]  C. Micheyl,et al.  Auditory stream segregation on the basis of amplitude-modulation rate. , 2002, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[57]  M. Corbetta,et al.  Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain , 2002, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[58]  I..  THE ATTENTION SYSTEM OF THE HUMAN BRAIN , 2002 .

[59]  J. Feldman.  What is a visual object? , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[60]  Rhodri Cusack,et al.  Cross-Modal and Non-Sensory Influences on Auditory Streaming , 2003, Perception.

[61]  C. Darwin,et al.  Effects of fundamental frequency and vocal-tract length changes on attention to one of two simultaneous talkers. , 2003, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[62]  Dylan M. Jones,et al.  Does auditory streaming require attention? Evidence from attentional selectivity in short-term memory. , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[63]  Steven Greenberg,et al.  Temporal properties of spontaneous speech - a syllable-centric perspective , 2003, J. Phonetics.

[64]  Chaz Yee Toh,et al.  Effects of reverberation on perceptual segregation of competing voices. , 2003, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[65]  K. Forster,et al.  Forty-five years after Broadbent (1958): still no identification without attention. , 2004, Psychological review.

[66]  T. Griffiths,et al.  What is an auditory object? , 2004, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[67]  R. Carlyon.  How the brain separates sounds , 2004, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[68]  R. Carlyon,et al.  Effects of location, frequency region, and time course of selective attention on auditory scene analysis. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[69]  B. Wright,et al.  The time course of attention in a simple auditory detection task , 2004, Perception & psychophysics.

[70]  Guy J. Brown,et al.  A binaural processor for missing data speech recognition in the presence of noise and small-room reverberation , 2004, Speech Commun..

[71]  Frederick J. Gallun,et al.  The advantage of knowing where to listen. , 2005, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[72]  W. Hartmann,et al.  The role of reverberation in release from masking due to spatial separation of sources for speech identification , 2005 .

[73]  C J Darwin,et al.  Simultaneous grouping and auditory continuity , 2005, Perception & psychophysics.

[74]  Jason B. Mattingley,et al.  Directed Attention Eliminates ‘Change Deafness’ in Complex Auditory Scenes , 2005, Current Biology.

[75]  J. Rauschecker,et al.  Perceptual Organization of Tone Sequences in the Auditory Cortex of Awake Macaques , 2005, Neuron.

[76]  Waka Fujisaki,et al.  Temporal frequency characteristics of synchrony–asynchrony discrimination of audio-visual signals , 2005, Experimental Brain Research.

[77]  Martin Cooke,et al.  A glimpsing model of speech perception in noise. , 2006, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[78]  G. Schlaug,et al.  Testing for causality with transcranial direct current stimulation: pitch memory and the left supramarginal gyrus , 2006, Neuroreport.

[79]  S. Yantis,et al.  Selective visual attention and perceptual coherence , 2006, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[80]  Christopher J Darwin,et al.  Contributions of binaural information to the separation of different sound sources , 2006, International journal of audiology.

[81]  Virginia Best,et al.  The influence of spatial separation on divided listening. , 2006, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[82]  Etienne Olivier,et al.  Contribution of the Monkey Frontal Eye Field to Covert Visual Attention , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[83]  Frederick J. Gallun,et al.  The ability to listen with independent ears. , 2007, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[84]  I. Winkler,et al.  The role of attention in the formation of auditory streams , 2007, Perception & psychophysics.

[85]  S. Yantis,et al.  Spatially selective representations of voluntary and stimulus-driven attentional priority in human occipital, parietal, and frontal cortex. , 2007, Cerebral cortex.

[86]  S. David,et al.  Auditory attention : focusing the searchlight on sound , 2007 .

[87]  Virginia Best,et al.  Visually-guided Attention Enhances Target Identification in a Complex Auditory Scene , 2007, Journal for the Association for Research in Otolaryngology.

[88]  Virginia Best,et al.  Binaural interference and auditory grouping. , 2007, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[89]  Barbara G Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  A sound element gets lost in perceptual competition , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[90]  John J. Foxe,et al.  Object‐based attention is multisensory: co‐activation of an object's representations in ignored sensory modalities , 2007, The European journal of neuroscience.

[91]  J. Hupé,et al.  Bistability for audiovisual stimuli: Perceptual decision is modality specific. , 2008, Journal of vision.

[92]  M. Corbetta,et al.  Top-Down Control of Human Visual Cortex by Frontal and Parietal Cortex in Anticipatory Visual Spatial Attention , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[93]  E. C. Cmm,et al.  on the Recognition of Speech, with , 2008 .

[94]  B. Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  Selective Attention in Normal and Impaired Hearing , 2008, Trends in amplification.

[95]  A. Oxenham.  Pitch Perception and Auditory Stream Segregation: Implications for Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implants , 2008, Trends in amplification.

[96]  John J. Foxe,et al.  Auditory Scene Analysis: the interaction of stimulation rate and frequency separation on pre‐attentive grouping , 2008, The European journal of neuroscience.

[97]  B. Shinn-Cunningham.  Object-based auditory and visual attention , 2008, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[98]  M. Turatto,et al.  Change perception in complex auditory scenes , 2008, Perception & psychophysics.

[99]  Virginia Best,et al.  Object continuity enhances selective auditory attention , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[100]  M. Corbetta,et al.  The Reorienting System of the Human Brain: From Environment to Theory of Mind , 2008, Neuron.

[101]  John J. Foxe,et al.  Resolving precise temporal processing properties of the auditory system using continuous stimuli. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[102]  S. Shamma,et al.  Temporal Coherence in the Perceptual Organization and Cortical Representation of Auditory Scenes , 2009, Neuron.

[103]  S. Shamma,et al.  Interaction between Attention and Bottom-Up Saliency Mediates the Representation of Foreground and Background in an Auditory Scene , 2009, PLoS biology.

[104]  T. Kujala,et al.  Auditory stream segregation in children with Asperger syndrome , 2009, Biological Psychology.

[105]  Marcelo A. Montemurro,et al.  Spike-Phase Coding Boosts and Stabilizes Information Carried by Spatial and Temporal Spike Patterns , 2009, Neuron.

[106]  Clayton E. Curtis,et al.  Persistent neural activity in the human frontal cortex when maintaining space that is “off the map” , 2009, Nature Neuroscience.

[107]  N. Logothetis,et al.  Frequency-Band Coupling in Surface EEG Reflects Spiking Activity in Monkey Visual Cortex , 2009, Neuron.

[108]  R. Desimone,et al.  High-Frequency, Long-Range Coupling Between Prefrontal and Visual Cortex During Attention , 2009, Science.

[109]  Yi Hu,et al.  Speech recognition by bilateral cochlear implant users in a cocktail-party setting. , 2009, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[110]  John J. Foxe,et al.  Neural responses to uninterrupted natural speech can be extracted with precise temporal resolution , 2010, The European journal of neuroscience.

[111]  J. Duncan.  The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour , 2010, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[112]  Matteo Toscani,et al.  Alpha waves: a neural signature of visual suppression , 2010, Experimental Brain Research.

[113]  Antoine J. Shahin,et al.  Attentional Gain Control of Ongoing Cortical Speech Representations in a “Cocktail Party” , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[114]  Lee M. Miller,et al.  Auditory attentional control and selection during cocktail party listening. , 2010, Cerebral cortex.

[115]  D. Poeppel,et al.  Neural dynamics of attending and ignoring in human auditory cortex , 2010, Neuropsychologia.

[116]  Frédéric Berthommier,et al.  Effect of rhythmic attention on the segregation of interleaved melodies. , 2010, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[117]  Mounya Elhilali,et al.  Competing Streams at the Cocktail Party: Exploring the Mechanisms of Attention and Temporal Integration , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[118]  L. Heller,et al.  Binaural interference in lateralization thresholds for interaural time and level differences. , 2010, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[119]  Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  Influence of Task-Relevant and Task-Irrelevant Feature Continuity on Selective Auditory Attention , 2012, Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology.

[120]  B. Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  Effect of source spectrum on sound localization in an everyday reverberant room. , 2011, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[121]  Barbara G Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  Normal hearing is not enough to guarantee robust encoding of suprathreshold features important in everyday communication , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[122]  S. Shamma,et al.  Temporal coherence and attention in auditory scene analysis , 2011, Trends in Neurosciences.

[123]  John J. Foxe,et al.  The Role of Alpha-Band Brain Oscillations as a Sensory Suppression Mechanism during Selective Attention , 2011, Front. Psychology.

[124]  Josh H McDermott,et al.  Recovering sound sources from embedded repetition , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[125]  Virginia Best,et al.  How Visual Cues for when to Listen Aid Selective Auditory Attention , 2012, Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology.

[126]  J. Simon,et al.  Emergence of neural encoding of auditory objects while listening to competing speakers , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[127]  J. Simon,et al.  Neural coding of continuous speech in auditory cortex during monaural and dichotic listening. , 2012, Journal of neurophysiology.

[128]  R. Ptak.  The Frontoparietal Attention Network of the Human Brain , 2012, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[129]  David Poeppel,et al.  Cortical oscillations and speech processing: emerging computational principles and operations , 2012, Nature Neuroscience.

[130]  Brian N. Pasley,et al.  Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex , 2012, PLoS biology.

[131]  Polly Dalton,et al.  Gorillas we have missed: Sustained inattentional deafness for dynamic events , 2012, Cognition.

[132]  M. Posner,et al.  The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. , 2012, Annual review of neuroscience.

[133]  N. Mesgarani,et al.  Selective cortical representation of attended speaker in multi-talker speech perception , 2012, Nature.

[134]  John J. Foxe,et al.  At what time is the cocktail party? A late locus of selective attention to natural speech , 2012, The European journal of neuroscience.

[135]  Barbara Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  Spatial cues alone produce inaccurate sound segregation: the effect of interaural time differences. , 2012, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[136]  C. Schroeder,et al.  Attention modulates ‘speech-tracking’ at a cocktail party , 2012, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[137]  A. Oxenham.  Pitch Perception , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[138]  Hari M. Bharadwaj,et al.  Auditory Selective Attention Reveals Preparatory Activity in Different Cortical Regions for Selection Based on Source Location and Source Pitch , 2012, Front. Neurosci..

[139]  N. Schaal,et al.  Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the supramarginal gyrus facilitates pitch memory , 2013, The European journal of neuroscience.

[140]  Lenny A. Varghese,et al.  Quantifying attentional modulation of auditory-evoked cortical responses from single-trial electroencephalography , 2013, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[141]  D. Poeppel,et al.  Mechanisms Underlying Selective Neuronal Tracking of Attended Speech at a “Cocktail Party” , 2013, Neuron.

[142]  C. Schroeder,et al.  The Spectrotemporal Filter Mechanism of Auditory Selective Attention , 2013, Neuron.

[143]  Adrian K. C. Lee,et al.  Influence of preparation time and pitch separation in switching of auditory attention between streams. , 2013, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[144]  A Quentin Summerfield,et al.  Target identification using relative level in multi-talker listening. , 2013, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[145]  S. Shamma,et al.  Segregation of complex acoustic scenes based on temporal coherence , 2013, eLife.

[146]  G. Fink,et al.  Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems: Distinct Neural Circuits but Collaborative Roles , 2013 .

[147]  Gereon R. Fink,et al.  Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems , 2014, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[148]  Hari M. Bharadwaj,et al.  Bottom-up influences of voice continuity in focusing selective auditory attention , 2014, Psychological research.

[149]  Eric Larson,et al.  Switching auditory attention using spatial and non-spatial features recruits different cortical networks , 2014, NeuroImage.

[150]  M. Elhilali,et al.  Task-dependent neural representations of salient events in dynamic auditory scenes , 2014, Front. Neurosci..

[151]  I. Koch,et al.  Dissociable effects of auditory attention switching and stimulus–response compatibility , 2014, Psychological research.

[152]  Deniz Başkent,et al.  Individual differences in top-down restoration of interrupted speech: links to linguistic and cognitive abilities. , 2014, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[153]  N. Zaretskaya,et al.  Introspection, attention or awareness? The role of the frontal lobe in binocular rivalry , 2014, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[154]  Barbara G Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  Cerebral Cortex doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs359 Auditory Spatial Attention Representations in the Human Cerebral Cortex , 2012 .

[155]  Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  Measuring auditory selective attention using frequency tagging , 2014, Front. Integr. Neurosci..

[156]  Daniel S. Margulies,et al.  Prioritizing spatial accuracy in high-resolution fMRI data using multivariate feature weight mapping , 2014, Front. Neurosci..

[157]  Christopher J. Plack,et al.  Perceptual Consequences of “Hidden” Hearing Loss , 2014, Trends in hearing.

[158]  Jonas Obleser,et al.  Cortical alpha oscillations as a tool for auditory selective inhibition , 2014, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[159]  Emine Merve Kaya,et al.  Investigating bottom-up auditory attention , 2014, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[160]  Bartosz Gula,et al.  Inattentional deafness in music , 2014, Psychological research.

[161]  Hari M. Bharadwaj,et al.  Evidence against attentional state modulating scalp-recorded auditory brainstem steady-state responses , 2015, Brain Research.

[162]  John J. Foxe,et al.  Attentional Selection in a Cocktail Party Environment Can Be Decoded from Single-Trial EEG. , 2015, Cerebral cortex.

[163]  Adrian K. C. Lee,et al.  Auditory selective attention is enhanced by a task-irrelevant temporally coherent visual stimulus in human listeners , 2015, eLife.

[164]  James A. O'Sullivan,et al.  Evidence for Neural Computations of Temporal Coherence in an Auditory Scene and Their Enhancement during Active Listening , 2015, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[165]  David E. Osher,et al.  Structural and functional connectivity of visual and auditory attentional networks: insights from the Human Connectome Project. , 2015, Journal of vision.

[166]  Adrian K C Lee,et al.  Auditory attention strategy depends on target linguistic properties and spatial configuration. , 2015, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[167]  Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  Short-Term Memory for Space and Time Flexibly Recruit Complementary Sensory-Biased Frontal Lobe Attention Networks , 2015, Neuron.

[168]  Juha Salmi,et al.  Top-down controlled and bottom-up triggered orienting of auditory attention to pitch activate overlapping brain networks , 2015, Brain Research.

[169]  Hari M. Bharadwaj,et al.  Individual Differences Reveal Correlates of Hidden Hearing Deficits , 2015, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[170]  Abigail L. Noyce,et al.  Short-term memory stores organized by information domain , 2016, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[171]  Barbara G Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  Auditory Spatial Coding Flexibly Recruits Anterior, but Not Posterior, Visuotopic Parietal Cortex , 2015, Cerebral cortex.