Waste-water treatment coupled with biodiesel production using microalgae: a bio-refinery approach.

REVIEW ARTICLE Waste-water Treatment Coupled with Biodiesel Production Using Microalgae: A Bio-refinery Approach Saba Shahid Gill , Muhammad Aamer Mehmood*, Umer Rashid , Muhammad Ibrahim, Anam Saqib 1 and Muhammad Rizwan Tabassum Department o f B ioinformat ics and Bio technology, Faculty o f Sc ience and Technology, Government Col lege Universi ty, Faisalabad, Pakis tan Insti tute of Advanced Technology, Universit i Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor , Malaysia Department o f Environmenta l Sc iences, Faculty o f Science and Technology, Government Col lege Universi ty, Fa isalabad , Pakis tan

[1]  Paul Chen,et al.  Characterization of a microalga Chlorella sp. well adapted to highly concentrated municipal wastewater for nutrient removal and biodiesel production. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[2]  A. Reis,et al.  Crypthecodinium cohnii with emphasis on DHA production: a review , 2009, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[3]  G. Hodaifa,et al.  Growth of the microalga Botryococcus braunii in secondarily treated sewage , 2009 .

[4]  Eve Menger-Krug,et al.  Integration of microalgae systems at municipal wastewater treatment plants: implications for energy and emission balances. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[5]  M. Choudhary,et al.  Biodiesel production from microalgal isolates of southern Pakistan and quantification of FAMEs by GC-MS/MS analysis , 2012, Chemistry Central Journal.

[6]  D. Kreeger,et al.  EFFECT OF NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY ON THE BIOCHEMICAL AND ELEMENTAL STOICHIOMETRY IN THE FRESHWATER DIATOM STEPHANODISCUS MINUTULUS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)* , 2000, Journal of phycology.

[7]  M. Barbosa.  Microalgal photobioreactors: Scale-up and optimisation , 2003 .

[8]  D. Batten,et al.  Using wastewater and high-rate algal ponds for nutrient removal and the production of bioenergy and biofuels. , 2013, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[9]  Jesse W. Campbell,et al.  Production of Biodiesel and Biogas from Algae: A Review of Process Train Options , 2011, Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation.

[10]  J. S. Lee,et al.  Hydrocarbon production from secondarily treated piggery wastewater by the green alga Botryococcus braunii , 2003, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[11]  J. Doucha,et al.  Microalgae—novel highly efficient starch producers , 2011, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[12]  H. Hong-ying,et al.  Lipid accumulation and nutrient removal properties of a newly isolated freshwater microalga, Scenedesmus sp. LX1, growing in secondary effluent. , 2010, New biotechnology.

[13]  O. Pulz,et al.  Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae , 2004, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[14]  J. Pittman,et al.  The potential of sustainable algal biofuel production using wastewater resources. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[15]  Farooq Anwar,et al.  Moringa oleifera oil: a possible source of biodiesel. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[16]  P. He,et al.  Bacterial bioaugmentation for improving methane and hydrogen production from microalgae , 2013, Biotechnology for Biofuels.

[17]  S. Markich,et al.  The Effect of pH on the Uptake and Toxicity of Copper and Zinc in a Tropical Freshwater Alga (Chlorella sp.) , 2006, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[18]  Eyal Shay.  Diesel fuel from vegetable oils: Status and opportunities , 1993 .

[19]  B. Ahring,et al.  Anaerobic digestion of swine manure: Inhibition by ammonia , 1998 .

[20]  Feng Chen,et al.  High cell density culture of microalgae in heterotrophic growth , 1996 .

[21]  Jeffrey A. Running,et al.  Heterotrophic production of ascorbic acid by microalgae , 1994, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[22]  Olaf Kruse,et al.  Future prospects of microalgal biofuel production systems. , 2010, Trends in plant science.

[23]  Z. Wen,et al.  Production of Biodiesel Fuel from the Microalga Schizochytrium limacinum by Direct Transesterification of Algal Biomass , 2009 .

[24]  J. Dewulf,et al.  Enhanced CO(2) fixation and biofuel production via microalgae: recent developments and future directions. , 2010, Trends in biotechnology.

[25]  S. Harrison,et al.  Lipid productivity as a key characteristic for choosing algal species for biodiesel production , 2009, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[26]  Julian N. Rosenberg,et al.  A green light for engineered algae: redirecting metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution. , 2008, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[27]  René H Wijffels,et al.  Potential of sponges and microalgae for marine biotechnology. , 2008, Trends in biotechnology.

[28]  Li-Hua Cheng,et al.  Enhanced lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris by adjustment of cultivation conditions. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[29]  Keat-Teong Lee,et al.  Microalgae biofuels: A critical review of issues, problems and the way forward. , 2012, Biotechnology advances.

[30]  A. Jacobson,et al.  Improved Algal Harvesting Using Suspended Air Flotation , 2009, Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation.

[31]  Y. Bashan,et al.  Heterotrophic cultures of microalgae: metabolism and potential products. , 2011, Water research.

[32]  B. Singh,et al.  High yield and conversion of biodiesel from a nonedible feedstock (Pongamia pinnata). , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[33]  S. Pirt,et al.  THE THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY (QUANTUM DEMAND) AND DYNAMICS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC GROWTH. , 1986, The New phytologist.

[34]  E. Shalaby,et al.  2012 Landes Bioscience. Do not distribute. Bioremoval capacity of three heavy metals by some microalgae species (Egyptian Isolates) , 2012 .

[35]  A. Shilton,et al.  Wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds for biofuel production. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[36]  P. Spolaore,et al.  Commercial applications of microalgae. , 2006, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[37]  Fenglian Fu,et al.  Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. , 2011, Journal of environmental management.

[38]  Y. Taufiq-Yap,et al.  Biodiesel from Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange) seed oil, a potential non-food feedstock , 2013 .

[39]  Manjinder Singh,et al.  Renewable biomass production by mixotrophic algae in the presence of various carbon sources and wastewaters , 2011 .

[40]  Barbara Amon,et al.  Methane production through anaerobic digestion of various energy crops grown in sustainable crop rotations. , 2007, Bioresource technology.

[41]  Lenneke de Winter,et al.  Photosynthetic efficiency of Chlorella sorokiniana in a turbulently mixed short light‐path photobioreactor , 2010, Biotechnology progress.

[42]  M. Bravi,et al.  Microalgal biomass production by using ultra- and nanofiltration membrane fractions of olive mill wastewater. , 2013, Water research.

[43]  Rajiv Kumar,et al.  Waste water treatment and metal (Pb2+, Zn2+) removal by microalgal based stabilization pond system , 2010, Indian Journal of Microbiology.

[44]  Olivier Bernard,et al.  Anaerobic digestion of microalgae as a necessary step to make microalgal biodiesel sustainable. , 2009, Biotechnology advances.

[45]  M. E. Borges,et al.  Recent developments on heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production by oil esterification and transesterification reactions: A review , 2012 .

[46]  B. Volesky,et al.  Biosorbents for recovery of metals from industrial solutions , 1988, Biotechnology Letters.

[47]  Qingyu Wu,et al.  13C-Tracer and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analyses Reveal Metabolic Flux Distribution in the Oleaginous Microalga Chlorella protothecoides1[C][W][OA] , 2010, Plant Physiology.

[48]  I. Aasen,et al.  Accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid-rich lipid in thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. strain T66: effects of N and P starvation and O2 limitation , 2008, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[49]  P. Schenk,et al.  Isolation and Evaluation of Oil-Producing Microalgae from Subtropical Coastal and Brackish Waters , 2012, PloS one.

[50]  S. Chinnasamy,et al.  Chlorella minutissima—A Promising Fuel Alga for Cultivation in Municipal Wastewaters , 2010, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[51]  Paul Chen,et al.  Growing wastewater-born microalga Auxenochlorella protothecoides UMN280 on concentrated municipal wastewater for simultaneous nutrient removal and energy feedstock production , 2012 .

[52]  T. Lundquist,et al.  Algae Grown on Dairy and Municipal Wastewater for Simultaneous Nutrient Removal and Lipid Production for Biofuel Feedstock , 2009 .

[53]  Feng Chen,et al.  Growing Phototrophic Cells without Light , 2006, Biotechnology Letters.

[54]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Potential Resources of Non-edible Oils for Biodiesel , 2009 .

[55]  Elizabeth A Specht,et al.  Micro-algae come of age as a platform for recombinant protein production , 2010, Biotechnology Letters.

[56]  Mark A. White,et al.  Environmental life cycle comparison of algae to other bioenergy feedstocks. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[57]  Bingwen Yan,et al.  Production of algae-based biodiesel using the continuous catalytic Mcgyan process. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[58]  Sarina J Ergas,et al.  Harvesting microalgae grown on wastewater. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[59]  Y. Chisti.  Biodiesel from microalgae. , 2007, Biotechnology advances.

[60]  N. A. Kumar,et al.  A Perspective on the Biotechnological Potential of Microalgae , 2008 .

[61]  Bobban Subhadra,et al.  Sustainability of algal biofuel production using integrated renewable energy park (IREP) and algal biorefinery approach , 2010 .

[62]  I. Bodík,et al.  Utilization of Biodiesel By-Products for Biogas Production , 2011, Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology.

[63]  M. E. Borges,et al.  Low-quality vegetable oils as feedstock for biodiesel production using K-pumice as solid catalyst. Tolerance of water and free fatty acids contents. , 2012, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

[64]  E. Becker.  Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology , 1994 .

[65]  Qingyu Wu,et al.  High-density fermentation of microalga Chlorella protothecoides in bioreactor for microbio-diesel production , 2008, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[66]  Helena M. Amaro,et al.  Microalgae as sources of high added‐value compounds—a brief review of recent work , 2011, Biotechnology progress.

[67]  E. Olguín.  Dual purpose microalgae-bacteria-based systems that treat wastewater and produce biodiesel and chemical products within a biorefinery. , 2012, Biotechnology advances.

[68]  L. Rodolfi,et al.  Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low‐cost photobioreactor , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[69]  Zisheng Zhang,et al.  Strategies for high-level recombinant protein expression in transgenic microalgae: a review. , 2010, Biotechnology advances.

[70]  C. Posten,et al.  Second Generation Biofuels: High-Efficiency Microalgae for Biodiesel Production , 2008, BioEnergy Research.

[71]  M. Romero-González,et al.  Study of the mechanisms of cadmium biosorption by dealginated seaweed waste. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[72]  Wu Xiaodan,et al.  Current Status and Prospects of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae , 2012 .

[73]  Paul Chen,et al.  Mass Cultivation of Microalgae on Animal Wastewater: a Sequential Two-Stage Cultivation Process for Energy Crop and Omega-3-Rich Animal Feed Production , 2012, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.

[74]  M. Borowitzka.  Commercial production of microalgae: ponds, tanks, tubes and fermenters , 1999 .

[75]  Hu Hongying,et al.  Growth and nutrient removal properties of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. LX1 under different kinds of nitrogen sources , 2010 .

[76]  O. Singh,et al.  Palm fatty acid biodiesel: process optimization and study of reaction kinetics. , 2010, Journal of oleo science.

[77]  U. Rashid,et al.  Comparative study of the methanolysis and ethanolysis of maize oils using alkaline catalysts. , 2012 .

[78]  Paul Chen,et al.  Integration of algae cultivation as biodiesel production feedstock with municipal wastewater treatment: strains screening and significance evaluation of environmental factors. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[79]  Yuan-Kun Lee.  Microalgal mass culture systems and methods: Their limitation and potential , 2001, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[80]  Kathryn G. Zeiler,et al.  The use of microalgae for assimilation and utilization of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel-fired powe , 1995 .

[81]  Jasvinder Singh,et al.  Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production , 2010 .

[82]  Arnaud Hélias,et al.  Life-cycle assessment of biodiesel production from microalgae. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[83]  Francesco Cherubini,et al.  The biorefinery concept: Using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals , 2010 .

[84]  Q. Hu,et al.  Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. , 2008, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[85]  W. Barclay,et al.  Heterotrophic production of long chain omega-3 fatty acids utilizing algae and algae-like microorganisms , 1994, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[86]  J. Ryther,et al.  Controlled Eutrophication—Increasing Food Production From the Sea by Recycling Human Wastes , 1972 .

[87]  Yuntao Cao,et al.  Effect of glycerol and glucose on the enhancement of biomass, lipid and soluble carbohydrate production by Chlorella vulgaris in mixotrophic culture. , 2013 .

[88]  Irina Vaseva,et al.  A critical look at the microalgae biodiesel , 2012 .

[89]  R. Lim,et al.  Development of an Improved Rapid Enzyme Inhibition Bioassay with Marine and Freshwater Microalgae Using Flow Cytometry , 2001, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[90]  J. Teixeira,et al.  Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using industrial dairy waste as organic carbon source. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[91]  Illman,et al.  Increase in Chlorella strains calorific values when grown in low nitrogen medium. , 2000, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[92]  Sarina Ergas,et al.  Wastewater use in algae production for generation of renewable resources: a review and preliminary results , 2013, Aquatic biosystems.

[93]  Siew-Moi Phang,et al.  Use of immobilised Chlorella vulgaris for the removal of colour from textile dyes , 2009, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[94]  V. Gude,et al.  Optimization of direct conversion of wet algae to biodiesel under supercritical methanol conditions. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[95]  Y. Hu,et al.  Sustainable Sources of Biomass for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Waste Water Derived from Coal-Fired Power Generation , 2012, PloS one.

[96]  K. Apt,et al.  COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY , 1999 .

[97]  Paul Chen,et al.  Algae were cultured in the artificial culture media containing the following ingredients : NaNO , 2009 .

[98]  Christoph Benning,et al.  Plant triacylglycerols as feedstocks for the production of biofuels. , 2008, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[99]  U. Rashid,et al.  Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) seed oil: A potential non-food oil source for biodiesel production , 2011 .

[100]  S. Ledakowicz,et al.  Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid wastes , 2003 .