Equine Surfaces White Paper

This white paper has been drafted as a collection of published scientific papers and data. It is considered a work in progress and will be updated as new scientific studies and surface data become available

[1]  S. W. Baker,et al.  The effect of fibre-reinforcement on the quality of sand rootzones used for winter games pitches. , 1994 .

[2]  N Crevier-Denoix,et al.  Use of a 3D dynamometric horseshoe to assess the effects of an all-weather waxed track and a crushed sand track at high speed trot: preliminary study. , 2009, Equine veterinary journal.

[3]  Olin K. Balch,et al.  Interrelationships between moisture content of the track, dynamic properties of the track and the locomotor forces exerted by galloping horses , 1997 .

[4]  J L van Leeuwen,et al.  The effect of rising and sitting trot on back movements and head-neck position of the horse. , 2009, Equine veterinary journal.

[5]  Zebarth Bj,et al.  Impact and shear resistance of turf grass racing surfaces for Thoroughbreds. , 1985 .

[6]  Maarten F Bobbert,et al.  Vertical forces on the horse's back in sitting and rising trot. , 2010, Journal of biomechanics.

[7]  Kevin R Ford,et al.  Comparison of in-shoe foot loading patterns on natural grass and synthetic turf. , 2006, Journal of science and medicine in sport.

[8]  Susan M. Stover,et al.  Effects of equine racetrack surface type, depth, boundary area, and harrowing on dynamic surface properties measured using a track-testing device in a laboratory setting , 2011 .

[9]  C A Geutjens,et al.  Forces and pressures beneath the saddle during mounting from the ground and from a raised mounting platform. , 2008, Veterinary journal.

[10]  H Chateau,et al.  Three-dimensional kinematics of the equine distal forelimb: effects of a sharp turn at the walk. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[11]  I. Paul,et al.  Response of joints to impact loading. 3. Relationship between trabecular microfractures and cartilage degeneration. , 1973, Journal of biomechanics.

[12]  E. Gloria,et al.  Analysis of trotter gait on the track by accelerometry and image analysis. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[13]  L B Jeffcott,et al.  Disorders of the thoracolumbar spine of the horse--a survey of 443 cases. , 1980, Equine veterinary journal.

[14]  H M Clayton,et al.  Energetic and kinematic consequences of weighting the distal limb. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[15]  Lozano,et al.  The effect of shock absorbing sports surfaces in jumping , 1999 .

[16]  William Burton Staniar,et al.  Linking dietary energy and skeletal development in the horse , 2010 .

[17]  H M Clayton,et al.  Comparison of the temporal kinematics of the canter pirouette and collected canter. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[18]  W Back,et al.  Influence of foot conformation on duration of competitive life in a Dutch Warmblood horse population. , 2009, Equine veterinary journal.

[19]  J. Denoix,et al.  Functional Anatomy of the Equine Interphalangeal Joints , 1999 .

[20]  W Back,et al.  Effects of girth, saddle and weight on movements of the horse. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[21]  Kristien Verheyen,et al.  Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses. , 2006, Bone.

[22]  J. Murray,et al.  Injuries in the event horse: training versus competition. , 2008, Veterinary journal.

[23]  Jong-Jin Park,et al.  The Gait Patterns of Olympic Dressage Horses , 1990 .

[24]  Xiaolin Li,et al.  Characterization of substances released from crumb rubber material used on artificial turf fields. , 2010, Chemosphere.

[25]  Jeremy F. Burn,et al.  Hoof landing velocity is related to track surface properties in trotting horses , 2005 .

[26]  Jean-Marie Denoix,et al.  Design and validation of a dynamometric horseshoe for the measurement of three-dimensional ground reaction force on a moving horse. , 2009, Journal of biomechanics.

[27]  I Fredricson,et al.  Biokinematic effects of collection on the trotting gaits in the elite dressage horse. , 1995, Equine veterinary journal.

[28]  J. C. Regnault,et al.  Comparison of the damping effect of different shoeing by the measurement of hoof acceleration. , 1993, Acta anatomica.

[29]  Maury L Hull,et al.  Design and demonstration of a dynamometric horseshoe for measuring ground reaction loads of horses during racing conditions. , 2005, Journal of biomechanics.

[30]  Sarah Jane Hobbs,et al.  Measuring hoof slip of the leading limb on jump landing over two different equine arena surfaces , 2012 .

[31]  S Drevemo,et al.  Relationships between fore- and hindlimb ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns in trotting horses. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[32]  D. Collie,et al.  Inhaled endotoxin and organic dust particulates have synergistic proinflammatory effects in equine heaves (organic dust‐induced asthma) , 2003, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[33]  Christian Peham,et al.  The influence of the width of the saddle tree on the forces and the pressure distribution under the saddle. , 2007, Veterinary journal.

[34]  Christopher M Riggs,et al.  Clinical problems in dressage horses: identifying the issues and comparing them with knowledge from racing. , 2010, Veterinary journal.

[35]  C. McIlwraith,et al.  The role of conformation in musculoskeletal problems in the racing Thoroughbred. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[36]  S. Dyson,et al.  Association of type of sport and performance level with anatomical site of orthopaedic injury diagnosis. , 2006, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[37]  J. Snyder,et al.  Ultrasonographic diagnosis of soft tissue injuries in horses competing at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games , 2010 .

[38]  M L Peterson,et al.  Effect of temperature on race times on a synthetic surface. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[39]  S Drevemo,et al.  Semi-quantitative analysis of hoof-strike in the horse. , 1994, Journal of biomechanics.

[40]  Christian Peham,et al.  A new method to quantify harmony of the horse–rider system in dressage , 2001 .

[41]  N Crevier-Denoix,et al.  Ground reaction force and kinematic analysis of limb loading on two different beach sand tracks in harness trotters. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[42]  Allen E Goodship,et al.  Mild exercise early in life produces changes in bone size and strength but not density in proximal phalangeal, third metacarpal and third carpal bones of foals. , 2011, Veterinary journal.

[43]  H M Clayton,et al.  Comparison of pressure distribution under a conventional saddle and a treeless saddle at sitting trot. , 2012, Veterinary journal.

[44]  Sue J. Dyson,et al.  Lameness and poor performance in the sport horse: Dressage, show jumping and horse trials , 2002 .

[45]  S J Holcombe,et al.  Effect of tracheal mucus and tracheal cytology on racing performance in Thoroughbred racehorses. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[46]  M. P. Mcguigan,et al.  The effect of shoe material on the kinetics and kinematics of foot slip at impact on concrete. , 2001, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[47]  S J Holcombe,et al.  Particle mapping in stables at an American Thoroughbred racetrack. , 2011, Equine veterinary journal.

[48]  S. I. Hartwell,et al.  The Effect of Salinity on Tire Leachate Toxicity , 2000 .

[49]  H W Merkens,et al.  External loads on the limbs of jumping horses at take-off and landing. , 1993, American journal of veterinary research.

[50]  Thilo Pfau,et al.  Vertical head and trunk movement adaptations of sound horses trotting in a circle on a hard surface. , 2012, Veterinary journal.

[51]  H M Clayton,et al.  Classification of collected trot, passage and piaffe based on temporal variables. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[52]  H. Medoff,et al.  Problems in defining and measuring friction on natural and artificial playing surfaces , 1995, Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference.

[53]  Debbie Symes,et al.  A preliminary study into rider asymmetry within equitation. , 2009, Veterinary journal.

[54]  J. Thomason,et al.  Biomechanical and mechanical investigations of the hoof-track interface in racing horses. , 2008, The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice.

[55]  Sarah B. Williams,et al.  The effect of lateral heel studs on the kinematics of the equine digit while cantering on grass. , 2012, Veterinary journal.

[56]  L. A. Dahlgren,et al.  Pathobiology of Tendon and Ligament Injuries , 2007 .

[57]  Willem Back,et al.  Compensation for changes in hoof conformation between shoeing sessions through the adaptation of angular kinematics of the distal segments of the limbs of horses. , 2006, American journal of veterinary research.

[58]  H Chateau,et al.  Effects of egg-bar shoes on the 3-dimensional kinematics of the distal forelimb in horses walking on a sand track. , 2006, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[59]  W. Moyer,et al.  Bucked skins: effects of differing track surfaces and proposed training regimens , 1992 .

[60]  Brian D. Nielsen,et al.  A Marine Mineral Supplement Alters Markers of Bone Metabolism in Yearling Arabians , 2010 .

[61]  James T. Brosnan,et al.  Effects of varying surface characteristics on the hardness and traction of baseball field playing surfaces , 2009 .

[62]  L Roepstorff,et al.  Basic kinematics of the saddle and rider in high-level dressage horses trotting on a treadmill. , 2009, Equine veterinary journal.

[63]  Hilary M. Clayton,et al.  Kinematic analysis of successful and unsuccessful attempts to clear a water jump , 2010 .

[64]  L J Roberts,et al.  The dynamic loading response of surfaces encountered in beach running. , 1998, Journal of science and medicine in sport.

[65]  J. W. Phillips,et al.  Evaluation of support bandaging during measurement of proximal sesamoidean ligament strain in horses by use of a mercury strain gauge. , 1992, American journal of veterinary research.

[66]  Marziale Milani,et al.  Toxicity of tire debris leachates. , 2005, Environment international.

[67]  H. W. Merkens,et al.  Objective determination of ground contact of equine limbs at the walk and trot: comparison between ground reaction forces, accelerometer data and kinematics , 2010 .

[68]  J F Burn,et al.  Impact during equine locomotion: techniques for measurement and analysis. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[69]  Mont Hubbard,et al.  Hoof accelerations and ground reaction forces of Thoroughbred racehorses measured on dirt, synthetic, and turf track surfaces. , 2009, American journal of veterinary research.

[70]  N Crevier-Denoix,et al.  Biomechanical analysis of hoof landing and stride parameters in harness trotter horses running on different tracks of a sand beach (from wet to dry) and on an asphalt road. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[71]  A. Ruina,et al.  A collisional model of the energetic cost of support work qualitatively explains leg sequencing in walking and galloping, pseudo-elastic leg behavior in running and the walk-to-run transition. , 2005, Journal of theoretical biology.

[72]  Hilary M. Clayton,et al.  The effect of fence height and width on the limb placements of show jumping horses , 1989 .

[73]  S. Dyson,et al.  An investigation of risk factors for foot-related lameness in a United Kingdom referral population of horses. , 2013, Veterinary journal.

[74]  D. F. Hoyt,et al.  Ground reaction forces in horses trotting up an incline and on the level over a range of speeds , 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[75]  T Licka,et al.  The difference in kinematics of horses walking, trotting and cantering on a flat and banked 10 m circle. , 2011, Equine veterinary journal.

[76]  A Barneveld,et al.  The effect of toe weights on linear and temporal stride characteristics of standardbred trotters. , 1994, The Veterinary quarterly.

[77]  N Crevier-Denoix,et al.  Influence of track surface on the equine superficial digital flexor tendon loading in two horses at high speed trot. , 2009, Equine veterinary journal.

[78]  E. Barrey,et al.  Investigation of the vertical hoof force distribution in the equine forelimb with an instrumented horseboot. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[79]  S Drevemo,et al.  The effect of shoeing on kinetics and kinematics during the stance phase. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[80]  L A Lawrence,et al.  Deconditioning reduces mineral content of the third metacarpal bone in horses. , 1998, Journal of animal science.

[81]  J Philipsson,et al.  Variation in conformation of Swedish warmblood horses and conformational characteristics of élite sport horses. , 1990, Equine veterinary journal.

[82]  Brian D. Nielsen,et al.  Small changes in exercise, not nutrition, often result in measurable changes in bone , 2008 .

[83]  R. Burchfield.  Oxford English dictionary , 1982 .

[84]  A Barneveld,et al.  Study design to evaluate the influence of exercise on the development of the musculoskeletal system of foals up to age 11 months. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[85]  Javier Romero,et al.  Differential response of macrozoobenthos to marine sand extraction in the North Sea and the Western Mediterranean , 2000 .

[86]  Kathy L Belton,et al.  Toxicological Evaluation for the Hazard Assessment of Tire Crumb for Use in Public Playgrounds , 2003, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[87]  L Roepstorff,et al.  Kinematic characteristics of hoof landing in jumping horses at elite level. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[88]  E. Firth,et al.  The response of bone, articular cartilage and tendon to exercise in the horse , 2006, Journal of anatomy.

[89]  C Peham,et al.  Evaluation of pressure distribution under an English saddle at walk, trot and canter. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[90]  S. Reid,et al.  Flat, hurdle and steeple racing: risk factors for musculoskeletal injury. , 1998, Equine veterinary journal.

[91]  S H Franklin,et al.  Horizontal moment around the hoof centre of pressure during walking on right and left circles. , 2011, Equine veterinary journal.

[92]  Fumio Tatsuoka,et al.  A triaxial testing system to evaluate stress-strain behavior of soils for wide range of strain and strain rate , 1999 .

[93]  H M Clayton,et al.  Head and body centre of mass movement in horses trotting on a circular path. , 2006, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[94]  Susan M. Stover,et al.  Forelimb Kinematics of Galloping Thoroughbred Racehorses Measured on Dirt, Synthetic, and Turf Track Surfaces (P235) , 2008 .

[95]  Jean-Marie Denoix,et al.  Reliability and sensitivity of an accelerometric device to discriminate between the biomechanical effects of different racetracks in the horse trotting at high speed , 2008 .

[96]  A. M. Swinker,et al.  Dust Exposure and Respiratory Disorders in Equine Instructors , 2005 .

[97]  P.N.R. Powers,et al.  Models for biomechanical analysis of jumping horses , 1999 .

[98]  J L Lanovaz,et al.  Effects of athletic taping of the fetlock on distal limb mechanics. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[99]  M. R. Mazan,et al.  How to do air quality testing in the equine barn. , 2006 .

[100]  M. P. Mcguigan,et al.  Relationship of foot conformation and force applied to the navicular bone of sound horses at the trot. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[101]  B M Nigg,et al.  Biomechanical aspects of playing surfaces. , 1987, Journal of sports sciences.

[102]  Michael L. Peterson,et al.  Development of a system for the in-situ characterisation of thoroughbred horse racing track surfaces , 2008 .

[103]  J F Burn,et al.  Time domain characteristics of hoof-ground interaction at the onset of stance phase. , 2006, Equine veterinary journal.

[104]  Sarah J Hobbs,et al.  Sagittal plane ground reaction forces, centre of pressure and centre of mass in trotting horses. , 2013, Veterinary journal.

[105]  C Peham,et al.  Influence of support boots on fetlock joint angle of the forelimb of the horse at walk and trot. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[106]  S Drevemo,et al.  In vivo transmission of impact shock waves in the distal forelimb of the horse. , 2001, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[107]  J. Fortenberry.  Walk this way. , 2011, Critical care medicine.

[108]  R. Malmgren,et al.  The effect of polymer and rubber particles on arena soil characteristics , 1994 .

[109]  G W Pratt,et al.  Model for injury to the foreleg of the Thoroughbred racehorse. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[110]  M L Peterson,et al.  Effect of track maintenance on mechanical properties of a dirt racetrack: a preliminary study. , 2008, Equine veterinary journal.

[111]  Brian D. Nielsen,et al.  Characterization of changes related to mineral balance and bone metabolism in the young racing quarter horse , 1998 .

[112]  H. W. Werner.  Proceedings of the 54th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Diego, California, USA, 6-10 December 2008. , 2008 .

[113]  C Peham,et al.  A comparison of forces acting on the horse's back and the stability of the rider's seat in different positions at the trot. , 2010, Veterinary journal.

[114]  S. M. Nelson,et al.  Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals , 1994, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[115]  D. Hodgson,et al.  Superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the horse. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[116]  J. Wood,et al.  Descriptive epidemiology of joint injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses in training. , 2012, Equine veterinary journal.

[117]  C Peham,et al.  Influence of rider on lameness in trotting horses. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[118]  L Roepstorff,et al.  Kinetics and kinematics of the horse comparing left and right rising trot. , 2009, Equine veterinary journal.

[119]  Carl M Maresh,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF TEN WEEKS OF LOWER‐BODY UNSTABLE SURFACE TRAINING ON MARKERS OF ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE , 2007, Journal of strength and conditioning research.

[120]  Thilo Pfau,et al.  Effect of trotting speed and circle radius on movement symmetry in horses during lunging on a soft surface. , 2012, American journal of veterinary research.

[121]  G. Dave,et al.  Occurrence and effects of tire wear particles in the environment--a critical review and an initial risk assessment. , 2009, Environmental pollution.

[122]  James T. Brosnan,et al.  Surface Conditions of Highly Maintained Baseball Fields in the Northeastern United States: Part 1, Non‐Turfed Basepaths , 2008, Applied Turfgrass Science.

[123]  Craig L. Beyler.  Self‐heating properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber , 2006 .

[124]  C Peham,et al.  Influence of the rider on the variability of the equine gait. , 2004, Human movement science.

[125]  A E Goodship,et al.  Exercise-induced tendon hypertrophy: cross-sectional area changes during growth are influenced by exercise. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[126]  D. H. Gray,et al.  Mechanics of Fiber Reinforcement in Sand , 1983 .

[127]  J. Metcalfe-Smith,et al.  Toxicity of leachate from automobile tires to aquatic biota , 1993 .

[128]  Kenneth R. Demars,et al.  Ball Response and Traction of Skinned Infields Amended with Calcine Clay at Varying Soil Moisture Contents , 2005 .

[129]  T D H Parkin,et al.  Race- and course-level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[130]  M. Ratzlaff,et al.  Relationship between locomotor forces, hoof position and joint motion during the support phase of the stride of galloping horses. , 1993, Acta anatomica.

[131]  M. Kai,et al.  Influence of rough track surfaces on components of vertical forces in cantering thoroughbred horses. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[132]  Jens Christian Tjell,et al.  TIRE-TREAD AND BITUMEN PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS IN AEROSOL AND SOIL SAMPLES , 2002 .

[133]  B. von Rechenberg,et al.  Relationship between saddle pressure measurements and clinical signs of saddle soreness at the withers. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[134]  H C Schamhardt,et al.  Kinematic differences between the distal portions of the forelimbs and hind limbs of horses at the trot. , 1995, American journal of veterinary research.

[135]  A M Wilson,et al.  The use of MP3 recorders to log data from equine hoof mounted accelerometers. , 2006, Equine veterinary journal.

[136]  Jack Murphy,et al.  Weighted boots influence performance in show-jumping horses. , 2009, Veterinary journal.

[137]  Michael L. Peterson,et al.  Simulated effects of racetrack material properties on the vertical loading of the equine forelimb , 2000 .

[138]  Magda Vincx,et al.  Changes in nematode communities at the long-term sand extraction site of the Kwintebank (southern bight of the north sea). , 2007, Marine pollution bulletin.

[139]  Shadi Najjar,et al.  Shear Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Sands , 2010 .

[140]  Daniel Marks,et al.  Conformation and Soundness , 2000 .

[141]  Yu-Jun Cui,et al.  A method for predicting soil susceptibility to the compaction of surface layers as a function of water content and bulk density. , 2009 .

[142]  A E Goodship,et al.  Evaluation of a new strategy to modulate skeletal development in racehorses by imposing track-based exercise during growth: the effects on 2- and 3-year-old racing careers. , 2008, Equine veterinary journal.