Measuring tumor blood flow with H(2)(15)O: practical considerations.

The ability to measure blood flow to tumors non-invasively may be of importance in monitoring tumor therapies, assessing drug delivery, and understanding tumor physiology. Of all the radiotracer methods that have been proposed to measure tumor blood flow, the method based on labeled water-H(2)(15)O-may be the most applicable to tumors. It is highly diffusible, does not participate significantly in metabolic processes during the short times involved in the study, and its uptake and clearance can be easily modeled. We present here an analysis of the bolus injection water methodology and how it might best be used to monitor tumor blood flow. Several different formulations of the basic methodology, based on previous applications in the heart and brain, are discussed. Potential problems of adapting these previous methodologies to tumor blood flow are presented.

[1]  M. Welch,et al.  Investigation of copper-PTSM as a PET tracer for tumor blood flow. , 1991, International journal of radiation applications and instrumentation. Part B, Nuclear medicine and biology.

[2]  R. Bonow,et al.  Myocardial blood flow by PET: correction for spillover and partial volume , 1990, [1990] Proceedings Computers in Cardiology.

[3]  J B Bassingthwaighte,et al.  Estimation of blood flow with radioactive tracers. , 1976, Seminars in nuclear medicine.

[4]  M. Graham,et al.  A modeling approach for quantifying tumor hypoxia with [F-18]fluoromisonidazole PET time-activity data. , 1995, Medical physics.

[5]  R. Jain,et al.  Residence time distributions of various tracers in tumors: implications for drug delivery and blood flow measurement. , 1994, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[6]  F Shishido,et al.  Measurement of absolute myocardial blood flow with H215O and dynamic positron-emission tomography. Strategy for quantification in relation to the partial-volume effect. , 1988, Circulation.

[7]  A. Lammertsma,et al.  Use of the left ventricular time-activity curve as a noninvasive input function in dynamic oxygen-15-water positron emission tomography. , 1992, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[8]  C. Svarer,et al.  Metabolic and hemodynamic evaluation of brain metastases from small cell lung cancer with positron emission tomography. , 1998, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[9]  A A Lammertsma,et al.  Measurements of blood flow and exchanging water space in breast tumors using positron emission tomography: a rapid and noninvasive dynamic method. , 1992, Cancer research.

[10]  E. Hoffman,et al.  Validation of PET-acquired input functions for cardiac studies. , 1988, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[11]  A A Lammertsma,et al.  Low oxygen extraction fraction in tumours measured with the oxygen-15 steady state technique: effect of tissue heterogeneity. , 1992, The British journal of radiology.

[12]  M. Walsh,et al.  Noninvasive quantitation of myocardial blood flow in human subjects with oxygen-15-labeled water and positron emission tomography. , 1989, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[13]  P. Herrero,et al.  Effects of time discrepancies between input and myocardial time-activity curves on estimates of regional myocardial perfusion with PET. , 1994, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[14]  N. Sadato,et al.  Noninvasive measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of glucose using standardized input function. , 1999, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[15]  M J Welch,et al.  Evaluation of 64Cu-ATSM in vitro and in vivo in a hypoxic tumor model. , 1999, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[16]  S. Libutti,et al.  Monitoring responses to antiangiogenic agents using noninvasive imaging tests. , 1999, The cancer journal from Scientific American.

[17]  J. Aldrich,et al.  Tumour blood flow: measurement and manipulation for therapeutic gain. , 1993, Cancer treatment reviews.

[18]  E. Hoffman,et al.  Quantitative measurement of myocardial blood flow with oxygen-15 water and positron computed tomography: an assessment of potential and problems. , 1985, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[19]  R. Jain,et al.  Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironment. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  J. Mazziotta,et al.  Positron emission tomography and autoradiography , 1985 .

[21]  A. Lammertsma,et al.  Positron emission tomography for tumour assessment , 1992, NMR in biomedicine.

[22]  D. Knapp,et al.  Evaluation of Cu-PTSM as a tracer of tumor perfusion: comparison with labeled microspheres in spontaneous canine neoplasms. , 1994, Nuclear medicine and biology.

[23]  T Inaba,et al.  Quantitative measurements of prostatic blood flow and blood volume by positron emission tomography. , 1992, The Journal of urology.

[24]  P Vaupel,et al.  Vascularization, blood flow, oxygenation, tissue pH, and bioenergetic status of human breast cancer. , 1997, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[25]  E. Hering,et al.  Tumor blood flow measurements using coincidence counting on patients treated with neutrons. , 1995, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[26]  Rakesh K Jain,et al.  Delivery of molecular and cellular medicine to solid tumors. , 1997, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[27]  P. Herrero,et al.  Quantitation of myocardial blood flow with H2 15O and positron emission tomography: assessment and error analysis of a mathematical approach. , 1989, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[28]  S. Libutti,et al.  Parametric images of blood flow in oncology PET studies using [15O]water. , 2000, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[29]  F. Shishido,et al.  Increased blood flow in human brain tumor after administration of angiotensin II: demonstration by PET. , 1993, Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society.

[30]  J. Hatazawa,et al.  Blood flow and metabolism of central neurocytoma. A positron emission tomography study , 1995, Cancer.

[31]  E. Hoffman,et al.  Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography: 1. Effect of Object Size , 1979, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[32]  J. Folkman Clinical Applications of Research on Angiogenesis , 1995 .

[33]  W. Eckelman,et al.  Nuclear medicine: diagnosis and therapy , 1996 .