Observations and Investigations of Frost Damage Mechanisms of Concrete Dams in Sweden

The major part of the Swedish hydro power development took place between 1945 and 1975. At that point of time, significant progress had been made regarding the use of high quality concrete for hydraulic structures. In spite of the progress made, deterioration of concrete due to freezing and thawing is still frequent. Superficial damage at the waterline and spalling of concrete far below the water level on the upstream face of concrete dams have been observed. Knowledge about the deterioration processes is important in order to improve the efficiency of maintenance of hydro power plants. Results obtained from two experimental studies of frost damage mechanisms are presented in this paper.