Exploring new measures of online sexual activities, device use, and gender differences

Abstract Online sexual activities (OSA) are any sexual behaviours done using the Internet and are divided into non-arousal, partnered-arousal, and solitary-arousal activities. The means of accessing the Internet have extended past the traditional home computer and the rapid evolution of personal digital devices has led to a lag in the measurement of OSA. The current study's aim is to explore a new measurement scale that considers the widespread use of personal digital devices and examines gender differences in OSA. Results show that the suggested scale is a reliable measurement of OSA. Women engaged in more partnered-arousal activities whereas men engaged in more solitary-arousal activities. Computer use was the preferred method for OSA overall but smartphone apps were the preferred method for partnered-arousal activities. Some implications for parents and educators, clinicians, and researchers as well as limitations inviting to further research are provided as OSA is an emerging but rapidly evolving field of investigation.

[1]  Terrie Schauer,et al.  Women’s Porno: The heterosexual female gaze in porn sites “for women” , 2005 .

[2]  J. Hook,et al.  Women, Female Sex and Love Addicts, and Use of the Internet , 2012 .

[3]  B R Simon Rosser,et al.  The advantages and limitations of seeking sex online: a comparison of reasons given for online and offline sexual liaisons by men who have sex with men. , 2007, Journal of sex research.

[4]  A. Sacker,et al.  Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK , 2018, BMC Public Health.

[5]  M. Naezer From risky behaviour to sexy adventures: reconceptualising young people’s online sexual activities , 2018, Culture, health & sexuality.

[6]  M. Maheu,et al.  Toward an Increased Understanding of User Demographics in Online Sexual Activities , 2002, Journal of sex & marital therapy.

[7]  Kristian Daneback,et al.  Online Sexual Activity Experiences Among College Students: A Four-Country Comparison , 2017, Archives of sexual behavior.

[8]  Michele L. Ybarra,et al.  Youth Internet victimization in a broader victimization context. , 2011, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[9]  Charles Negy,et al.  Online Sexual Activity: Cross-National Comparison Between United States and Peruvian College Students , 2011, Archives of Sexual Behavior.

[10]  Janet Shibley Hyde,et al.  A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences in sexuality, 1993-2007. , 2010, Psychological bulletin.

[11]  J. Schneider,et al.  A Qualitative Study of Cybersex Participants: Gender Differences, Recovery Issues, and Implications for Therapists , 2000 .

[12]  John H. Gagnon,et al.  Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality , 1975 .

[13]  Rafael Ballester-Arnal,et al.  Relationship Status as an Influence on Cybersex Activity: Cybersex, Youth, and Steady Partner , 2014, Journal of sex & marital therapy.

[14]  Sraboni Dutta,et al.  Gender Differences in Technology Usage—A Literature Review , 2016 .

[15]  G. Koletić Longitudinal associations between the use of sexually explicit material and adolescents' attitudes and behaviors: A narrative review of studies. , 2017, Journal of adolescence.

[16]  Al Cooper,et al.  Predicting the future of Internet sex: Online sexual activities in Sweden , 2003 .

[17]  E. Byers,et al.  Self-Appraisals of Arousal-Oriented Online Sexual Activities in University and Community Samples , 2014, Archives of sexual behavior.

[18]  Joël Billieux,et al.  Online sexual activities: An exploratory study of problematic and non-problematic usage patterns in a sample of men , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[19]  N. Petry,et al.  Gambling and Drug Abuse , 2012 .

[20]  Al Cooper,et al.  Online Sexual Problems: Assessment and Predictive Variables , 2001 .

[21]  Zhang Ye,et al.  Gender Differences in Instagram Hashtag Use , 2018 .

[22]  Peter Boyle,et al.  Tobacco smoking and cancer: A meta‐analysis , 2008, International journal of cancer.

[23]  D. McCormick,et al.  Searching for Sexually Explicit Materials on the Internet: An Exploratory Study of College Students' Behavior and Attitudes , 2001, Archives of sexual behavior.

[24]  Kathleen D. Vohs,et al.  Is There a Gender Difference in Strength of Sex Drive? Theoretical Views, Conceptual Distinctions, and a Review of Relevant Evidence , 2001 .

[25]  Jacob Cohen Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[26]  Matthias Brand,et al.  Watching Pornographic Pictures on the Internet: Role of Sexual Arousal Ratings and Psychological-Psychiatric Symptoms for Using Internet Sex Sites Excessively , 2011, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[27]  Xuan Zhang,et al.  The new avenue of online sexual activity in China: The smartphone , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[28]  M. Lalumière,et al.  Paraphilic Interests , 2016, Sexual abuse : a journal of research and treatment.

[29]  B. Mustanski,et al.  Internet Use and Sexual Health of Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Mixed-Methods Study , 2011, Archives of sexual behavior.

[30]  Brian Joseph Gillespie,et al.  Perceived Consequences of Casual Online Sexual Activities on Heterosexual Relationships: A U.S. Online Survey , 2011, Archives of sexual behavior.

[31]  Patrick J. Carnes,et al.  Cybersex Addiction Patterns in a Clinical Sample of Homosexual, Heterosexual, and Bisexual Men and Women , 2012 .

[32]  A. Anderson Social Media Use in 2018 , 2018 .

[33]  Monica T. Whitty,et al.  Liberating or debilitating? An examination of romantic relationships, sexual relationships and friendships on the Net , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[34]  M. Sciutto Using Facebook to Supplement Participant Pools for Class Research Projects , 2015 .

[35]  Nicola M. Döring,et al.  The Internet's impact on sexuality: A critical review of 15 years of research , 2009, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[36]  E. Byers How Well Does the Traditional Sexual Script Explain Sexual Coercion , 1996 .

[37]  Kristian Daneback,et al.  Prevalence, Severity, and Correlates of Problematic Sexual Internet Use in Swedish Men and Women , 2011, Archives of Sexual Behavior.

[38]  Chung-Ying Lin,et al.  Gender differences in the association of smartphone use with the vitality and mental health of adolescent students , 2018, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[39]  Cameron C. Brown,et al.  Understanding and predicting classes of college students who use pornography , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[40]  Kristian Daneback,et al.  Characteristics and Behaviors of Sexual Compulsives Who Use the Internet for Sexual Purposes , 2006 .

[41]  S. Carnes,et al.  The Same Yet Different: Refocusing the Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) to Reflect Orientation and Gender , 2010 .

[42]  C. Fornell,et al.  Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. , 1981 .

[43]  E. Byers,et al.  Attitudes toward online sexual activities , 2014 .

[44]  Al Cooper,et al.  Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the New Millennium , 1998, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[45]  F. Tripodi,et al.  Questionnaires and scales for the evaluation of the online sexual activities: A review of 20 years of research , 2014 .

[46]  Pranee Liamputtong,et al.  Online Dating and Mating: The Use of the Internet to Meet Sexual Partners , 2008, Qualitative health research.

[47]  Krystelle Shaughnessy,et al.  Contextualizing cybersex experience: Heterosexually identified men and women's desire for and experiences with cybersex with three types of partners , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[48]  M. McHugh,et al.  The Chi-square test of independence , 2013, Biochemia medica.

[49]  Krystelle Shaughnessy,et al.  Online Sexual Activity Experience of Heterosexual Students: Gender Similarities and Differences , 2011, Archives of sexual behavior.

[50]  Sonja Utz,et al.  Internet use and online social support among same sex attracted individuals of different ages , 2011, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[51]  Yong Zheng,et al.  Online sexual activity in Mainland China: Relationship to sexual sensation seeking and sociosexuality , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[52]  Joseph Price,et al.  How Much More XXX is Generation X Consuming? Evidence of Changing Attitudes and Behaviors Related to Pornography Since 1973 , 2016, Journal of sex research.

[53]  M. Wiederman The Gendered Nature of Sexual Scripts , 2005 .

[54]  Robert N Proctor,et al.  The history of the discovery of the cigarette–lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll , 2012, Tobacco Control.

[55]  Al Cooper,et al.  Sexuality and the Internet: The next sexual revolution. , 2000 .

[56]  Jonas Burén,et al.  Sexting among adolescents: A nuanced and gendered online challenge for young people , 2018, Comput. Hum. Behav..