Responses of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves
暂无分享,去创建一个
[1] R. R. Krausz. Living in Groups , 2013 .
[2] Z. Barta,et al. The effects of predation risk on the use of social foraging tactics , 2004, Animal Behaviour.
[3] T. Caro,et al. Adaptive significance of antipredator behaviour in artiodactyls , 2004, Animal Behaviour.
[4] Robert L. Beschta,et al. Wolf reintroduction, predation risk, and cottonwood recovery in Yellowstone National Park , 2003 .
[5] M. Childress,et al. Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics? , 2003, Animal Behaviour.
[6] Theodore Stankowich,et al. The African Wild Dog: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation , 2003 .
[7] C. Boland,et al. An Experimental Test of Predator Detection Rates Using Groups of Free-living Emus , 2003 .
[8] C. Goldspink,et al. A note on group sizes of oribi (Ourebia ourebi, Zimmermann, 1783) from two contrasting sites in Zambia, with and without predation , 2002 .
[9] Janice C. Daniel,et al. Isolation from mammalian predators differentially affects two congeners , 2002 .
[10] M. Hebblewhite,et al. Effects of elk group size on predation by wolves , 2002 .
[11] A. Subach,et al. THE COSTS OF APPREHENSIVE FORAGING , 2002 .
[12] G. Uetz,et al. Antipredator benefits of group living in colonial web-building spiders: the ‘early warning’ effect , 2002, Animal Behaviour.
[13] A. Sih,et al. Prey responses to pulses of risk and safety: testing the risk allocation hypothesis , 2002, Animal Behaviour.
[14] S. L. Lima. Putting predators back into behavioral predator–prey interactions , 2002 .
[15] Lawrence M. Dill,et al. FOOD AVAILABILITY AND TIGER SHARK PREDATION RISK INFLUENCE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN HABITAT USE , 2002 .
[16] J. Laundré,et al. Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. , 2001 .
[17] O. Leimar,et al. The influence of predation risk on threat display in great tits , 2001 .
[18] José Martín,et al. Repeated predatory attacks and multiple decisions to come out from a refuge in an alpine lizard , 2001 .
[19] William J. Ripple,et al. Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA , 2000 .
[20] D. Pletscher,et al. Habitat factors affecting vulnerability of moose to predation by wolves in southeastern British Columbia. , 2000 .
[21] Olle Brick. Fighting behaviour, vigilance and predation risk in the cichlid fish Nannacara anomala , 1998, Animal Behaviour.
[22] A. Sih. To hide or not to hide? Refuge use in a fluctuating environment. , 1997, Trends in ecology & evolution.
[23] L. Dill,et al. The worm re-turns: hiding behavior of a tube-dwelling marine polychaete, Serpula vermicularis , 1997 .
[24] G. Roberts. Why individual vigilance declines as group size increases , 1996, Animal Behaviour.
[25] S. L. Lima,et al. Collective detection of predatory attack by social foragers: fraught with ambiguity? , 1995, Animal Behaviour.
[26] J. Godin,et al. Predator preferences for attacking particular prey group sizes: consequences for predator hunting success and prey predation risk , 1995, Animal Behaviour.
[27] J. Hoogland,et al. The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal , 1995 .
[28] S. L. Lima,et al. Back to the basics of anti-predatory vigilance: the group-size effect , 1995, Animal Behaviour.
[29] G. Uetz,et al. Group size and predation risk in colonial web-building spiders: analysis of attack abatement mechanisms , 1994 .
[30] F. Messier,et al. UNGULATE POPULATION MODELS WITH PREDATION: A CASE STUDY WITH THE NORTH AMERICAN MOOSE' , 1994 .
[31] C. Fitzgibbon,et al. Costs of vigilance in foraging ungulates , 1994, Animal Behaviour.
[32] D. Ward,et al. Predation risk and distance to cover affect foraging behaviour in Namib Desert gerbils , 1993, Animal Behaviour.
[33] D. Scheel,et al. Profitability, encounter rates, and prey choice of African lions , 1993 .
[34] J. Lazarus,et al. Contrasting effects of protective and obstructive cover on avian vigilance , 1992, Animal Behaviour.
[35] C. Fitzgibbon. Mixed-species grouping in Thomson's and Grant's gazelles: the antipredator benefits , 1990, Animal Behaviour.
[36] S. L. Lima,et al. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus , 1990 .
[37] A. Sih,et al. An Experimental Study on the Effects of Predation Risk and Feeding Regime on the Mating Behavior of the Water Strider , 1990, The American Naturalist.
[38] M. Elgar,et al. PREDATOR VIGILANCE AND GROUP SIZE IN MAMMALS AND BIRDS: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE , 1989, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
[39] L. Carbyn,et al. Responses of bison on their calving grounds to predation by wolves in Wood Buffalo National Park , 1987 .
[40] Arthur T. Bergerud,et al. Displacement and dispersion of parturient caribou at calving as antipredator tactics , 1987 .
[41] T. Pitcher. Behaviour of Teleost Fishes , 1986 .
[42] F. Messier,et al. The efficiency of yarding behaviour by white-tailed deer as an antipredator strategy , 1985 .
[43] L. Dill,et al. Risk of predation and the feeding behavior of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) , 1984, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.
[44] A. T. Bergerud,et al. Antipredator tactics of calving caribou: dispersion in mountains , 1984 .
[45] K. V. Orsdol. Foraging behaviour and hunting success of lions in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda , 1984 .
[46] B. Bertram,et al. Vigilance and group size in ostriches , 1980, Animal Behaviour.
[47] John Lazarus,et al. The early warning function of flocking in birds: An experimental study with captive quelea , 1979, Animal Behaviour.
[48] Robert E. Kenward,et al. HAWKS AND DOVES: FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS AND SELECTION IN GOSHAWK ATTACKS ON WOODPIGEONS. , 1978 .
[49] J. Peek,et al. Differential Distribution of Elk by Sex and Age on the Gallatin Winter Range, Montana , 1968 .
[50] Justin A. Gude. Applying risk allocation theory in a large mammal predator-prey system : elk-wolf behavioral interactions , 2004 .
[51] W. Cresswell,et al. Faced with a choice, sparrowhawks more often attack the more vulnerable prey group , 2004 .
[52] D. Huggard. Prey selectivity of wolves in Banff National Park. I. Prey species , 1993 .
[53] D. Huggard. Prey selectivity of wolves in Banff National Park , 1991 .
[54] D. Formanowicz,et al. Predation risk and microhabitat preference: an experimental study of the behavioral responses of prey and predator , 1989 .
[55] T. Caraco,et al. Living in groups: is there an optimal group size? , 1984 .
[56] J. Krebs,et al. Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach , 1978 .
[57] A. L. Lovaas. People and the Gallatin elk herd , 1970 .
[58] A. R. Brazda. Elk migration patterns, and some of the factors affecting movements in the Gallatin River drainage, Montana , 1953 .