Responses of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves

[1]  R. R. Krausz Living in Groups , 2013 .

[2]  Z. Barta,et al.  The effects of predation risk on the use of social foraging tactics , 2004, Animal Behaviour.

[3]  T. Caro,et al.  Adaptive significance of antipredator behaviour in artiodactyls , 2004, Animal Behaviour.

[4]  Robert L. Beschta,et al.  Wolf reintroduction, predation risk, and cottonwood recovery in Yellowstone National Park , 2003 .

[5]  M. Childress,et al.  Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics? , 2003, Animal Behaviour.

[6]  Theodore Stankowich,et al.  The African Wild Dog: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation , 2003 .

[7]  C. Boland,et al.  An Experimental Test of Predator Detection Rates Using Groups of Free-living Emus , 2003 .

[8]  C. Goldspink,et al.  A note on group sizes of oribi (Ourebia ourebi, Zimmermann, 1783) from two contrasting sites in Zambia, with and without predation , 2002 .

[9]  Janice C. Daniel,et al.  Isolation from mammalian predators differentially affects two congeners , 2002 .

[10]  M. Hebblewhite,et al.  Effects of elk group size on predation by wolves , 2002 .

[11]  A. Subach,et al.  THE COSTS OF APPREHENSIVE FORAGING , 2002 .

[12]  G. Uetz,et al.  Antipredator benefits of group living in colonial web-building spiders: the ‘early warning’ effect , 2002, Animal Behaviour.

[13]  A. Sih,et al.  Prey responses to pulses of risk and safety: testing the risk allocation hypothesis , 2002, Animal Behaviour.

[14]  S. L. Lima Putting predators back into behavioral predator–prey interactions , 2002 .

[15]  Lawrence M. Dill,et al.  FOOD AVAILABILITY AND TIGER SHARK PREDATION RISK INFLUENCE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN HABITAT USE , 2002 .

[16]  J. Laundré,et al.  Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. , 2001 .

[17]  O. Leimar,et al.  The influence of predation risk on threat display in great tits , 2001 .

[18]  José Martín,et al.  Repeated predatory attacks and multiple decisions to come out from a refuge in an alpine lizard , 2001 .

[19]  William J. Ripple,et al.  Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA , 2000 .

[20]  D. Pletscher,et al.  Habitat factors affecting vulnerability of moose to predation by wolves in southeastern British Columbia. , 2000 .

[21]  Olle Brick Fighting behaviour, vigilance and predation risk in the cichlid fish Nannacara anomala , 1998, Animal Behaviour.

[22]  A. Sih To hide or not to hide? Refuge use in a fluctuating environment. , 1997, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[23]  L. Dill,et al.  The worm re-turns: hiding behavior of a tube-dwelling marine polychaete, Serpula vermicularis , 1997 .

[24]  G. Roberts Why individual vigilance declines as group size increases , 1996, Animal Behaviour.

[25]  S. L. Lima,et al.  Collective detection of predatory attack by social foragers: fraught with ambiguity? , 1995, Animal Behaviour.

[26]  J. Godin,et al.  Predator preferences for attacking particular prey group sizes: consequences for predator hunting success and prey predation risk , 1995, Animal Behaviour.

[27]  J. Hoogland,et al.  The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal , 1995 .

[28]  S. L. Lima,et al.  Back to the basics of anti-predatory vigilance: the group-size effect , 1995, Animal Behaviour.

[29]  G. Uetz,et al.  Group size and predation risk in colonial web-building spiders: analysis of attack abatement mechanisms , 1994 .

[30]  F. Messier,et al.  UNGULATE POPULATION MODELS WITH PREDATION: A CASE STUDY WITH THE NORTH AMERICAN MOOSE' , 1994 .

[31]  C. Fitzgibbon,et al.  Costs of vigilance in foraging ungulates , 1994, Animal Behaviour.

[32]  D. Ward,et al.  Predation risk and distance to cover affect foraging behaviour in Namib Desert gerbils , 1993, Animal Behaviour.

[33]  D. Scheel,et al.  Profitability, encounter rates, and prey choice of African lions , 1993 .

[34]  J. Lazarus,et al.  Contrasting effects of protective and obstructive cover on avian vigilance , 1992, Animal Behaviour.

[35]  C. Fitzgibbon Mixed-species grouping in Thomson's and Grant's gazelles: the antipredator benefits , 1990, Animal Behaviour.

[36]  S. L. Lima,et al.  Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus , 1990 .

[37]  A. Sih,et al.  An Experimental Study on the Effects of Predation Risk and Feeding Regime on the Mating Behavior of the Water Strider , 1990, The American Naturalist.

[38]  M. Elgar,et al.  PREDATOR VIGILANCE AND GROUP SIZE IN MAMMALS AND BIRDS: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE , 1989, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[39]  L. Carbyn,et al.  Responses of bison on their calving grounds to predation by wolves in Wood Buffalo National Park , 1987 .

[40]  Arthur T. Bergerud,et al.  Displacement and dispersion of parturient caribou at calving as antipredator tactics , 1987 .

[41]  T. Pitcher Behaviour of Teleost Fishes , 1986 .

[42]  F. Messier,et al.  The efficiency of yarding behaviour by white-tailed deer as an antipredator strategy , 1985 .

[43]  L. Dill,et al.  Risk of predation and the feeding behavior of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) , 1984, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.

[44]  A. T. Bergerud,et al.  Antipredator tactics of calving caribou: dispersion in mountains , 1984 .

[45]  K. V. Orsdol Foraging behaviour and hunting success of lions in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda , 1984 .

[46]  B. Bertram,et al.  Vigilance and group size in ostriches , 1980, Animal Behaviour.

[47]  John Lazarus,et al.  The early warning function of flocking in birds: An experimental study with captive quelea , 1979, Animal Behaviour.

[48]  Robert E. Kenward,et al.  HAWKS AND DOVES: FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS AND SELECTION IN GOSHAWK ATTACKS ON WOODPIGEONS. , 1978 .

[49]  J. Peek,et al.  Differential Distribution of Elk by Sex and Age on the Gallatin Winter Range, Montana , 1968 .

[50]  Justin A. Gude Applying risk allocation theory in a large mammal predator-prey system : elk-wolf behavioral interactions , 2004 .

[51]  W. Cresswell,et al.  Faced with a choice, sparrowhawks more often attack the more vulnerable prey group , 2004 .

[52]  D. Huggard Prey selectivity of wolves in Banff National Park. I. Prey species , 1993 .

[53]  D. Huggard Prey selectivity of wolves in Banff National Park , 1991 .

[54]  D. Formanowicz,et al.  Predation risk and microhabitat preference: an experimental study of the behavioral responses of prey and predator , 1989 .

[55]  T. Caraco,et al.  Living in groups: is there an optimal group size? , 1984 .

[56]  J. Krebs,et al.  Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach , 1978 .

[57]  A. L. Lovaas People and the Gallatin elk herd , 1970 .

[58]  A. R. Brazda Elk migration patterns, and some of the factors affecting movements in the Gallatin River drainage, Montana , 1953 .