Rationale for Processing of a Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing for Use in Biodegradable Implants for Osteoreconstruction

Widespread use of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys in clinical orthopedic practice requires improvement of their mechanical properties—in particular, ductility—and enhancement of their bioactivity for accelerated osteoreconstruction. The alloy was studied in two structural states: after homogenization and after equal-channel angular pressing. Immersion and potentiodynamic polarization tests showed that the corrosion rate of the alloy was not increased by deformation. The mass loss in vivo was also statistically insignificant. Furthermore, it was found that deformation did not compromise the biocompatibility of the alloy and did not have any significant effect on cell adhesion and proliferation. However, an extract of the alloy promoted the alkaline phosphatase activity of human mesenchymal stromal cells, which indicates osteogenic stimulation of cells. The osteoinduction of the deformed alloy significantly exceeded that of the homogenized one. Based on the results of this work, it can be concluded that the alloy Mg-1%Zn-0.3%Ca modified by equal-channel angular pressing is a promising candidate for the manufacture of biodegradable orthopedic implants since it stimulates osteogenic differentiation and has greater ductility, which provides it with a competitive advantage in comparison with the homogenized state.

[1]  N. Martynenko,et al.  Anti-tumour activity of Mg-6%Ag and Mg-10%Gd alloys in mice with inoculated melanoma. , 2021, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[2]  H. Haugen,et al.  Early osteoimmunomodulatory effects of magnesium–calcium–zinc alloys , 2021, Journal of tissue engineering.

[3]  C. Tardei,et al.  Biodegradable Mg alloys for orthopedic implants – A review , 2021, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys.

[4]  R. K.,et al.  Controlling the rate of degradation of Mg using magnesium fluoride and magnesium fluoride-magnesium phosphate duplex coatings , 2021, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys.

[5]  Wenbo Jiang,et al.  Additively manufactured biodegradable porous magnesium implants for elimination of implant-related infections: An in vitro and in vivo study , 2021, Bioactive materials.

[6]  M. Dargusch,et al.  A review of the physiological impact of rare earth elements and their uses in biomedical Mg alloys. , 2021, Acta biomaterialia.

[7]  Xing‐dong Zhang,et al.  Evaluation on the corrosion resistance, antibacterial property and osteogenic activity of biodegradable Mg-Ca and Mg-Ca-Zn-Ag alloys , 2021, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys.

[8]  J. Cortina,et al.  Zn-Mg and Zn-Cu alloys for stenting applications: From nanoscale mechanical characterization to in vitro degradation and biocompatibility , 2021, Bioactive materials.

[9]  U. E. Klotz,et al.  Improved biodegradability of zinc and its alloys by sandblasting treatment , 2021 .

[10]  F. Walther,et al.  Biomineralization, dissolution and cellular studies of silicate bioceramics prepared from eggshell and rice husk. , 2021, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[11]  T. Langdon,et al.  Evaluating the paradox of strength and ductility in ultrafine-grained oxygen-free copper processed by ECAP at room temperature , 2020, Materials Science and Engineering: A.

[12]  C. Wen,et al.  Recent research and progress of biodegradable zinc alloys and composites for biomedical applications: Biomechanical and biocorrosion perspectives , 2020, Bioactive materials.

[13]  L. Rokhlin,et al.  Kinetics of phase precipitation in Al–Mg–Si alloys subjected to equal-channel angular pressing during subsequent heating , 2021 .

[14]  F. Senatov,et al.  Biocompatibility and Physico-Chemical Properties of Highly Porous PLA/HA Scaffolds for Bone Reconstruction , 2020, Polymers.

[15]  Y. Estrin,et al.  The Effect of Equal-Channel Angular Pressing on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Biodegradation Behavior of Magnesium Alloyed with Silver and Gadolinium , 2020, Crystals.

[16]  Y. Estrin,et al.  Structure, mechanical characteristics, biodegradation, and in vitro cytotoxicity of magnesium alloy ZX11 processed by rotary swaging , 2020 .

[17]  N. Birbilis,et al.  Improving the property profile of a bioresorbable Mg-Y-Nd-Zr alloy by deformation treatments , 2020, Materialia.

[18]  R. Willumeit-Römer,et al.  Optimizing an Osteosarcoma-Fibroblast Coculture Model to Study Antitumoral Activity of Magnesium-Based Biomaterials , 2020, International journal of molecular sciences.

[19]  O. Antonova,et al.  Insitu magnesium calcium phosphate cements formation: From one pot powders precursors synthesis to in vitro investigations , 2020, Bioactive materials.

[20]  M. Zheludkevich,et al.  The Corrosion Performance and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Zn Based Alloys—A Review , 2020, Corrosion and Materials Degradation.

[21]  Y. Chai,et al.  Antimicrobial Bioresorbable Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy for Bone Repair in a Comparison Study with Mg-Zn-Sr Alloy and Pure Mg. , 2019, ACS biomaterials science & engineering.

[22]  A. Belyakov,et al.  The influence of ultrafine-grained structure on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of austenitic stainless steels. , 2020, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[23]  Y. Estrin,et al.  The Effect of Equal-Channel Angular Pressing on the Microstructure, the Mechanical and Corrosion Properties and the Anti-Tumor Activity of Magnesium Alloyed with Silver , 2019, Materials.

[24]  Pengfei Ding,et al.  In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of Mg–Zn–Ca alloy operative clip , 2019, Bioactive materials.

[25]  Cheng-Kung Cheng,et al.  Biocompatibility and Osteogenic Capacity of Mg-Zn-Ca Bulk Metallic Glass for Rabbit Tendon-Bone Interference Fixation , 2019, International journal of molecular sciences.

[26]  V. Serebryany,et al.  Effect of equal channel angular pressing on structure, texture, mechanical and in-service properties of a biodegradable magnesium alloy , 2019, Materials Letters.

[27]  P. Chakraborty Banerjee,et al.  Magnesium Implants: Prospects and Challenges , 2019, Materials.

[28]  Heungsoo Shin,et al.  Current Advances in Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration , 2018, Advanced healthcare materials.

[29]  Y. Estrin,et al.  Cytotoxicity of biodegradable magnesium alloy WE43 to tumor cells in vitro: Bioresorbable implants with antitumor activity? , 2019, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[30]  Yaming Wang,et al.  Assessment of the degradation rates and effectiveness of different coated Mg-Zn-Ca alloy scaffolds for in vivo repair of critical-size bone defects , 2018, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[31]  Yufeng Zheng,et al.  In vitro evaluation of MgSr and MgCaSr alloys via direct culture with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. , 2018, Acta biomaterialia.

[32]  A. Padalhin,et al.  In vitro and in vivo assessment of biomedical Mg–Ca alloys for bone implant applications , 2018, Journal of applied biomaterials & functional materials.

[33]  Haiyan Li,et al.  The degradation and transport mechanism of a Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr stent in rabbit common carotid artery: A 20-month study. , 2018, Acta biomaterialia.

[34]  Chuanzhong Chen,et al.  Effect of calcium on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of microarc oxidized Mg-xCa alloys. , 2018, Biointerphases.

[35]  Yang Min,et al.  Microstructure and Properties of Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca Alloy for Biomedical Application , 2018 .

[36]  Sebastian M. Bonk,et al.  Increased osteoblast viability at alkaline pH in vitro provides a new perspective on bone regeneration , 2017, Biochemistry and biophysics reports.

[37]  Jin-young Park,et al.  Effect of Mn addition on corrosion properties of biodegradable Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca-xMn alloys , 2017 .

[38]  T. Cheng,et al.  In vitro and in vivo responses of macrophages to magnesium-doped titanium , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[39]  T. Talaei-Khozani,et al.  Cytotoxicity assessment of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on synthesized biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca alloys. , 2016, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[40]  Ke Yang,et al.  Cytotoxic Effect on Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells by Degradation of Magnesium , 2014 .

[41]  F. J. Avelar-González,et al.  Cell Culture: History, Development and Prospects , 2014 .

[42]  P. Chu,et al.  Surface design of biodegradable magnesium alloys — A review , 2013 .

[43]  Lin Liu,et al.  Effects of Ca on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties and biocompatibility of Mg–Zn–Ca alloys , 2013, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[44]  M. Manuel,et al.  Investigation of the mechanical and degradation properties of Mg-Sr and Mg-Zn-Sr alloys for use as potential biodegradable implant materials. , 2012, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[45]  A. McGoron,et al.  Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys: A Review of Material Development and Applications , 2012, Journal of biomimetics, biomaterials, and tissue engineering.

[46]  H. Bakhsheshi‐Rad,et al.  In-situ thermal analysis and macroscopical characterization of Mg–xCa and Mg–0.5Ca–xZn alloy systems , 2012 .

[47]  Yuebin B. Guo,et al.  Biodegradable Orthopedic Magnesium-Calcium (MgCa) Alloys, Processing, and Corrosion Performance , 2012, Materials.

[48]  Baoping Zhang,et al.  Mechanical properties, degradation performance and cytotoxicity of Mg–Zn–Ca biomedical alloys with different compositions , 2011 .

[49]  Janine Fischer,et al.  Improved cytotoxicity testing of magnesium materials , 2011 .

[50]  A. Palmieri,et al.  Calcium Sulfate Stimulates Pulp Stem Cells towards Osteoblasts Differentiation , 2011, International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology.

[51]  C. Wen,et al.  Biodegradable Mg-Ca and Mg-Ca-Y Alloys for Regenerative Medicine , 2010 .

[52]  T. Sohmura,et al.  Effect of calcium ion concentrations on osteogenic differentiation and hematopoietic stem cell niche-related protein expression in osteoblasts. , 2010, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[53]  Yang Song,et al.  Research on an Mg-Zn alloy as a degradable biomaterial. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[54]  Lei Yang,et al.  Microstructure, mechanical properties and bio-corrosion properties of Mg–Zn–Mn–Ca alloy for biomedical application , 2008 .

[55]  Yufeng Zheng,et al.  The development of binary Mg-Ca alloys for use as biodegradable materials within bone. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[56]  B. Nebe,et al.  Calcium phosphate surfaces promote osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells , 2007, Journal of cellular and molecular medicine.

[57]  R. Valiev,et al.  Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement , 2006 .

[58]  C. Boehlert,et al.  The microstructure, tensile properties, and creep behavior of Mg-Zn alloys containing 0-4.4 wt.% Zn , 2006 .

[59]  T. Langdon,et al.  Review: Processing of metals by equal-channel angular pressing , 2001 .