The voltage mirror–current mirror pair as a universal element

The voltage mirror–current mirror (VM–CM) pair is shown to be a universal active element. It provides two alternative realizations for the nullor. The VM–CM pair is also capable of realizing the op amp and all the four types of the current conveyors namely CCII−, CCII+, ICCII− and ICCII+ as special cases. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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