Renewable energy in power systems

Foreword . Preface . Acknowledgements . 1 Energy and Electricity . 1.1 The World Energy Scene. 1.2 The Environmental Impact of Energy Use. 1.3 Generating Electricity. 1.4 The Electrical Power System. References. 2 Features of Conventional and Renewable Generation . 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Conventional Sources: Coal, Gas and Nuclear. 2.3 Hydroelectric Power. 2.4 Wind Power. 2.5 PV and Solar Thermal Electricity. 2.6 Tidal Power. 2.7 Wave Power. 2.8 Biomass. 2.9 Summary of Power Generation Characteristics. 2.10 Combining Sources. References. 3 Power Balance/ Frequency Control . 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Electricity Demand. 3.3 Power Governing. 3.4 Dynamic Frequency Control of Large Systems. 3.5 Impact of Renewable Generation on Frequency Control and Reliability. 3.6 Frequency Response Services from Renewables. 3.7 Frequency Control Modelling. 3.8 Energy Storage. References. Other Useful Reading. 4 Electrical Power Generation and Conditioning . 4.1 The Conversion of Renewable Energy into Electrical Form. 4.2 The Synchronous Generator. 4.3 The Transformer. 4.4 The Asynchronous Generator. 4.5 Power Electronics. 4.6 Applications to Renewable Energy Generators. References. 5 Power System Analysis . 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The Transmission System. 5.3 Voltage Control. 5.4 Power Flow in an Individual Section of Line. 5.5 Reactive Power Management. 5.6 Load Flow and Power System Simulation. 5.7 Faults and Protection. 5.8 Time Varying and Dynamic Simulations. 5.9 Reliability Analysis. References. 6 Renewable Energy Generation in Power Systems . 6.1 Distributed Generation. 6.2 Voltage Effects. 6.3 Thermal Limits. 6.4 Other Embedded Generation Issues. 6.5 Islanding. 6.6 Fault Ride-through. 6.7 Generator and Converter Characteristics. References. 7 Power System Economics and the Electricity Market . 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Costs of Electricity Generation. 7.3 Economic Optimization in Power Systems. 7.4 External Costs. 7.5 Effects of Embedded Generation. 7.6 Support Mechanisms for Renewable Energy. 7.7 Electricity Trading. References. 8 The Future - Towards a Sustainable Electricity Supply System . 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Future of Wind Power. 8.3 The Future of Solar Power. 8.4 The Future of Biofuels. 8.5 The Future of Hydro and Marine Power. 8.6 Distributed Generation and the Shape of Future Networks. 8.7 Conclusions. References. Appendix: Basic Electric Power Engineering Concepts . A.1 Introduction. A.2 Generators and Consumers of Energy. A.3 Why AC?. A.4 AC Waveforms. A.5 Response of Circuit Components to AC. A.6 Phasors. A.7 Phasor Addition. A.8 Rectangular Notation. A.9 Reactance and Impedance. A.10 Power in AC Circuits. A.11 Reactive Power. A.12 Complex Power. A.13 Conservation of Active and Reactive Power. A.14 Effects of Reactive Power Flow - Power Factor Correction. A.15 Three-phase AC. A.16 The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit. Reference. Index.