Solvent resistant nanofiltration: separating on a molecular level.

Over the past decade, solvent resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) has gained a lot of attention, as it is a promising energy- and waste-efficient unit process to separate mixtures down to a molecular level. This critical review focuses on all aspects related to this new burgeoning technology, occasionally also including literature obtained on aqueous applications or related membrane processes, if of relevance to understand SRNF better. An overview of the different membrane materials and the methods to turn them into suitable SRNF-membranes will be given first. The membrane transport mechanism and its modelling will receive attention in order to understand the process and the reported membrane performances better. Finally, all SRNF-applications reported so far - in food chemistry, petrochemistry, catalysis, pharmaceutical manufacturing - will be reviewed exhaustively (324 references).

[1]  Munir Cheryan,et al.  Characteristics of nanofiltration membranes in aqueous ethanol , 2004 .

[2]  E. S. Tarleton,et al.  Non-aqueous nanofiltration: solute rejection in low-polarity binary systems , 2005 .

[3]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  A membrane bioreactor for biotransformations of hydrophobic molecules using organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membranes , 2008 .

[4]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Application of thin film composite membranes to the membrane aromatic recovery system , 2006 .

[5]  William B. Krantz,et al.  Effect of evaporation step on macrovoid formation in wet-cast polymeric membranes , 1994 .

[6]  Haruhiko Ohya,et al.  The characteristics of crosslinked PAA composite membrane for separation of aqueous organic solutions by reverse osmosis , 1998 .

[7]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Solvent transport in organic solvent nanofiltration membranes , 2005 .

[8]  D. Cole-Hamilton,et al.  Homogeneous Catalysis--New Approaches to Catalyst Separation, Recovery, and Recycling , 2003, Science.

[9]  Wim Dehaen,et al.  Porphyrin-functionalized dendrimers: synthesis and application as recyclable photocatalysts in a nanofiltration membrane reactor. , 2005, Chemistry.

[10]  J. Rost,et al.  Integrated cleaning of coloured waste water by ceramic NF membranes , 2001 .

[11]  Suhas P. Deshmukh,et al.  Effect of ethanol composition in water coagulation bath on morphology of PVDF hollow fibre membranes , 1998 .

[12]  In-Chul Kim,et al.  Phospholipids separation (degumming) from crude vegetable oil by polyimide ultrafiltration membrane , 2002 .

[13]  Shin-ichi Nakao,et al.  Separation of linear hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids from ethanol and hexane solutions by reverse osmosis , 2001 .

[14]  Jae Young Jho,et al.  Influence of the addition of PVP on the morphology of asymmetric polyimide phase inversion membranes: effect of PVP molecular weight , 2004 .

[15]  Haruhiko Ohya,et al.  Study on molecular weight cut-off performance of asymmetric aromatic polyimide membrane “Effect of the additive agents” , 1998 .

[16]  Zhou Yong,et al.  Polyamide thin film composite membrane prepared from m-phenylenediamine and m-phenylenediamine-5-sulfonic acid , 2006 .

[17]  I Kim,et al.  Preparation and characterization of integrally skinned uncharged polyetherimide asymmetric nanofiltration membrane , 2001 .

[18]  Paul C J Kamer,et al.  Dendrimers as support for recoverable catalysts and reagents. , 2002, Chemical reviews.

[19]  Jonggeon Jegal,et al.  Nanofiltration membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and ionic polymers , 1999 .

[20]  Sidney Loeb,et al.  Sea Water Demineralization by Means of an Osmotic Membrane , 1963 .

[21]  Kawahara,et al.  Permeation of Liquids through Inorganic Nanofiltration Membranes. , 2000, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[22]  W. Pusch,et al.  Characterization of transport across cellulose acetate membranes in the presence of strong solute–membrane interactions , 1980 .

[23]  Munir Cheryan,et al.  Membrane processing of xanthophylls in ethanol extracts of corn. , 2007 .

[24]  C. K. Kim,et al.  Effects of the polyamide molecular structure on the performance of reverse osmosis membranes , 1998 .

[25]  Darrell A Patterson,et al.  Elucidation of the mechanism of chiral selectivity in diastereomeric salt formation using organic solvent nanofiltration. , 2004, Chemical communications.

[26]  A. J. Burggraaf,et al.  Formation and characterization of supported microporous ceramic membranes prepared by sol-gel modification techniques , 1995 .

[27]  F. Ferreira,et al.  Recovery and reuse of ionic liquids and palladium catalyst for Suzuki reactions using organic solvent nanofiltration , 2006 .

[28]  Udo Kragl,et al.  Nanofiltration for the Separation of Nonvolatile Products from Solutions Containing Ionic Liquids , 2003 .

[29]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Application of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration to Separation of Ionic Liquids and Products from Ionic Liquid Mediated Reactions , 2005 .

[30]  Xiaofeng Lu,et al.  Preparation and characterization of NF composite membrane , 2002 .

[31]  Bumsuk Jung,et al.  Effect of molecular weight of polymeric additives on formation, permeation properties and hypochlorite treatment of asymmetric polyacrylonitrile membranes , 2004 .

[32]  I. Voigt,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of Microporous TiO2-Membranes , 1997 .

[33]  Matthias Wessling,et al.  Observations on the permeation performance of solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes , 2006 .

[34]  Jinwen Wang,et al.  Preparation of nanofiltration membranes from polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration membranes , 2006 .

[35]  D. E. Engelgau,et al.  Membrane applications and research in the edible oil industry: An assessment , 1990 .

[36]  Rui Oliveira,et al.  Analysis of solvent flux through nanofiltration membranes by mechanistic, chemometric and hybrid modelling , 2007 .

[37]  Mathias Ulbricht,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of Novel Solvent-Resistant Nanofiltration Composite Membranes Based on Crosslinked Polyurethanes , 2007 .

[38]  Soon Ho Jang,et al.  Effects of solvent on the pore formation in asymmetric 6FDA–4,4′ODA polyimide membrane: terms of thermodynamics, precipitation kinetics, and physical factors , 2000 .

[39]  William J. Koros,et al.  Phase separation, vitrification, and the manifestation of macrovoids in polymeric asymmetric membranes , 1996 .

[40]  Zhiping Zhao,et al.  Nanofiltration membrane prepared from polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration membrane by low-temperature plasma: 5. Grafting of styrene in vapor phase and its application , 2007 .

[41]  Kamalesh K. Sirkar,et al.  Nanofiltration studies of larger organic microsolutes in methanol solutions , 2000 .

[42]  B. Van der Bruggen,et al.  Chemical surface modification of γ-Al2O3 and TiO2 toplayer membranes for increased hydrophobicity , 2006 .

[43]  Tejraj M. Aminabhavi,et al.  Novel sodium alginate-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) semi-interpenetrating polymer network membranes for pervaporation separation of water + ethanol mixtures , 2007 .

[44]  Tobin J Dickerson,et al.  Soluble polymers as scaffolds for recoverable catalysts and reagents. , 2002, Chemical reviews.

[45]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Development of a Liquid-Phase Process for Recycling Resolving Agents within Diastereomeric Resolutions , 2006 .

[46]  Lieven E. M. Gevers,et al.  The use of solvent resistant nanofiltration in the recycling of the Co-Jacobsen catalyst in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of epoxides , 2006 .

[47]  Dominique Langevin,et al.  Influence of solvent and non-solvent on polyimide asymmetric membranes formation in relation to gas permeation , 2001 .

[48]  van Koten G,et al.  Macromolecular-Multisite Catalysts Obtained by Grafting Diaminoaryl Palladium(II) Complexes onto a Hyperbranched-Polytriallylsilane Support We thank the Council for Chemical Sciences (CW) of the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO) for financial support, Dr. R. Hanselmann for the si , 2000, Angewandte Chemie.

[49]  B. Hur,et al.  Concentration of 6-aminopenicillanic acid from penicillin bioconversion solution and its mother liquor by nanofiltration membrane , 2001 .

[50]  K. S. Spiegler,et al.  Thermodynamics of hyperfiltration (reverse osmosis): criteria for efficient membranes , 1966 .

[51]  Kamalesh K. Sirkar,et al.  Novel solvent-resistant hydrophilic hollow fiber membranes for efficient membrane solvent back extraction , 2007 .

[52]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Increased catalytic productivity for nanofiltration-coupled Heck reactions using highly stable catalyst systems , 2002 .

[53]  Koen De Smet,et al.  Nanofiltration-coupled catalysis to combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis , 2001 .

[54]  Ingolf Voigt,et al.  Nanofiltration mit keramischen Membranen , 2005 .

[55]  Gustavo Capannelli,et al.  Effect of coagulation medium on properties of sulfonated polyvinylidene fluoride membranes , 1985 .

[56]  Klaus-Viktor Peinemann,et al.  Thin-film composite hollow fiber membranes: An optimized manufacturing method , 2005 .

[57]  Munir Cheryan,et al.  Carotenoids from red palm methyl esters by nanofiltration , 2006 .

[58]  Ahmad Fauzi Ismail,et al.  Review on the development of defect-free and ultrathin-skinned asymmetric membranes for gas separation through manipulation of phase inversion and rheological factors , 2003 .

[59]  R. Rangarajan,et al.  Interfacially synthesized thin film composite RO membranes for seawater desalination , 1997 .

[60]  B A Farnand,et al.  Reverse osmosis separations of some organic and inorganic solutes in ethanol solutions with cellulose acetate membranes , 1983 .

[61]  Donald R Paul,et al.  Reformulation of the solution-diffusion theory of reverse osmosis , 2004 .

[62]  Haruhiko Ohya,et al.  The effect of molecular weight cut-off of PAN ultrafiltration support layer on separation of water-ethanol mixtures through pervaporation with PAA-PAN composite membrane , 1994 .

[63]  Ivo F J Vankelecom,et al.  Zeolite filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an improved membrane for solvent-resistant nanofiltration (SRNF). , 2005, Chemical communications.

[64]  Matthias Wessling,et al.  Effect of PDMS cross-linking degree on the permeation performance of PAN/PDMS composite nanofiltration membranes , 2005 .

[65]  B. Van der Bruggen,et al.  Transport model for solvent permeation through nanofiltration membranes , 2006 .

[66]  M. M Jayarani,et al.  Thin-film composite poly(esteramide)-based membranes , 2000 .

[67]  W. Richard Bowen,et al.  Polysulfone — sulfonated poly(ether ether) ketone blend membranes: systematic synthesis and characterisation , 2001 .

[68]  Jonggeon Jegal,et al.  Preparation and characterization of nanofiltration composite membranes using polyacrylonitrile (PAN). II. Preparation and characterization of polyamide composite membranes , 2001 .

[69]  Kamalesh K. Sirkar,et al.  Modeling of nanofiltration - assisted organic synthesis , 1999 .

[70]  Sung Soo Kim,et al.  Plasma treatment of polypropylene and polysulfone supports for thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane , 2006 .

[71]  Frederico Castelo Ferreira,et al.  Organic solvent nanofiltration in asymmetric hydrogenation: enhancement of enantioselectivity and catalyst stability by ionic liquids. , 2006, Chemical communications.

[72]  Takeshi Matsuura,et al.  A study on the preparation of polyvinyl alcohol thin-film composite membranes and reverse osmosis testing , 1996 .

[73]  J. Koll,et al.  Fundamental studies on the performance of a hydrophobic solvent stable membrane in non-aqueous solutions , 2006 .

[74]  Ying Kong,et al.  Separation performance of polyimide nanofiltration membranes for solvent recovery from dewaxed lube oil filtrates , 2006 .

[75]  Ahmad Fauzi Ismail,et al.  Effects of phase inversion and rheological factors on formation of defect-free and ultrathin-skinned asymmetric polysulfone membranes for gas separation , 2003 .

[76]  D. M. Grove,et al.  Homogeneous catalysts based on silane dendrimers functionalized with arylnickel(II) complexes , 1994, Nature.

[77]  K. Ebert,et al.  A transport model for organophilic nanofiltration , 2006 .

[78]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Enantiomer separation by enantioselective inclusion complexation-organic solvent nanofiltration , 2006 .

[79]  Klaus-Viktor Peinemann,et al.  Polymeric composite ultrafiltration membranes for non‐aqueous applications , 2001 .

[80]  K. Gupta,et al.  Synthesis and evaluation of aromatic polyamide membranes for desalination in reverse‐osmosis technique , 1997 .

[81]  David Hasson,et al.  Effect of solvent properties on permeate flow through nanofiltration membranes. Part I: investigation of parameters affecting solvent flux , 1999 .

[82]  Koen De Smet,et al.  Physico-chemical interpretation of the SRNF transport mechanism for solutes through dense silicone membranes , 2004 .

[83]  Donald R Paul,et al.  Pressure‐induced diffusion of organic liquids through highly swollen polymer membranes , 1970 .

[84]  M. Bruening,et al.  High-flux nanofiltration membranes prepared by adsorption of multilayer polyelectrolyte membranes on polymeric supports. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[85]  Toshinori Tsuru,et al.  Nanofiltration in non-aqueous solutions by porous silica–zirconia membranes , 2001 .

[86]  K. Ebert,et al.  Nanofiltration for Homogeneous Catalysis Separation: Soluble Polymer-Supported Palladium Catalysts for Heck, Sonogashira, and Suzuki Coupling of Aryl Halides , 2003 .

[87]  E. S. Tarleton,et al.  Solvent flux through dense polymeric nanofiltration membranes , 2004 .

[88]  Anthony L. Spek,et al.  Palladium complexes of phosphine functionalised carbosilane dendrimers as catalysts in a continuous flow membrane reactor , 1999 .

[89]  Lloyd S. White,et al.  Transport properties of a polyimide solvent resistant nanofiltration membrane , 2002 .

[90]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Observations on solvent flux and solute rejection across solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes , 2002 .

[91]  G. W. Parshall,et al.  REVERSE OSMOSIS IN ORGANOMETALLIC SYNTHESIS , 1973 .

[92]  William J. Koros,et al.  A qualitative skin layer formation mechanism for membranes made by dry/wet phase inversion , 1993 .

[93]  Juin-Yih Lai,et al.  Formation mechanism of the macrovoids induced by surfactant additives , 1998 .

[94]  B. Van der Bruggen,et al.  Fluxes and rejections for nanofiltration with solvent stable polymeric membranes in water, ethanol and n-hexane , 2002 .

[95]  Frederick E. Petry,et al.  Principles and Applications , 1997 .

[96]  F. P. Cuperus,et al.  Acetone-stable nanofiltration membranes in deacidifying vegetable oil , 1999 .

[97]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Effect of solute concentration and mass transfer limitations on transport in organic solvent nanofiltration : partially rejected solute , 2006 .

[98]  J. A. Wesselingh,et al.  Transport of large molecules through membranes with narrow pores - The Maxwell-Stefan description combined with hydrodynamic theory , 2002 .

[99]  Enrico Drioli,et al.  Characteristics and performance of a "universal" membrane suitable for gas separation, pervaporation, and nanofiltration applications. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[100]  Xigao Jian,et al.  Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) hollow fiber asymmetric nanofiltration membranes: Preparation, morphologies and properties , 2006 .

[101]  W. Richard Bowen,et al.  Characterisation and prediction of separation performance of nanofiltration membranes , 1996 .

[102]  Qipeng Yuan,et al.  A comparison of nanofiltration with aqueous and organic solvents , 2006 .

[103]  David Hasson,et al.  Effect of solvent properties on permeate flow through nanofiltration membranes: Part II. Transport model , 2000 .

[104]  Peng Wang,et al.  Rheological and thermodynamic variation in polysulfone solution by PEG introduction and its effect on kinetics of membrane formation via phase-inversion process , 2006 .

[105]  Jonggeon Jegal,et al.  Factors affecting the interfacial polymerization of polyamide active layers for the formation of polyamide composite membranes , 2002 .

[106]  Bart Van der Bruggen,et al.  Solute transport in non-aqueous nanofiltration: effect of membrane material , 2005 .

[107]  Bart Van der Bruggen,et al.  Determination of Parameters Affecting Transport in Polymeric Membranes: Parallels between Pervaporation and Nanofiltration , 2004 .

[108]  Lieven E. M. Gevers,et al.  Solvent-resistant nanofiltration with filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes , 2006 .

[109]  Takeshi Matsuura,et al.  Low pressure reverse osmosis performances of sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) thin film composite membranes: effect of coating conditions and molecular weight of polymer , 2000 .

[110]  Remko M. Boom,et al.  Microstructures in phase-inversion membranes. Part I. Formation of macrovoids , 1992 .

[111]  Ivo F J Vankelecom,et al.  Polymeric membranes in catalytic reactors. , 2002, Chemical reviews.

[112]  R. J. Petersen,et al.  Composite reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes , 1993 .

[113]  Mitsutoshi Nakajima,et al.  Membrane concentration and separation of L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalanine derivatives in organic solvents , 1996 .

[114]  Joost N. H. Reek,et al.  Palladium Complexes of Phosphane-Functionalised Carbosilane Dendrimers as Catalysts in a Continuous-Flow Membrane Reactor , 2002 .

[115]  Justin T. Scarpello,et al.  The separation of homogeneous organometallic catalysts using solvent resistant nanofiltration , 2002 .

[116]  J. Wu,et al.  Ultrafiltration of soybean oil/hexane extract by porous ceramic membranes , 1999 .

[117]  A. Iwama,et al.  New polyimide ultrafiltration membranes for organic use , 1982 .

[118]  ANDREW LIVINGSTON,et al.  Membrane Separation in Green Chemical Processing , 2003 .

[119]  G. Koten,et al.  Multiple use of soluble metallodendritic materials as catalysts and dyes. , 2001, Chemistry.

[120]  Shih-Hsiung Chen,et al.  Preparation and separation properties of polyamide nanofiltration membrane , 2002 .

[121]  Takeshi Matsuura,et al.  Reverse osmosis transport through capillary pores under the influence of surface forces , 1981 .

[122]  Ivo F. J. Vankelecom,et al.  Intrusion of PDMS top layers in porous supports , 1999 .

[123]  Hiroyasu Kondo,et al.  Permeation of nonaqueous solution through organic/inorganic hybrid nanoporous membranes , 2004 .

[124]  Andrea I. Schäfer,et al.  Nanofiltration: Principles and Applications , 2004 .

[125]  D. Jagan Mohan,et al.  Poly(amide imide)s and poly(amide imide) composite membranes by interfacial polymerization , 2006 .

[126]  C. R. Wildemuth,et al.  Aromatics Enrichment in Refinery Streams Using Hyperfiltration , 2006 .

[127]  B. Van der Bruggen,et al.  Polymeric nanofiltration of binary water-alcohol mixtures : Influence of feed composition and membrane properties on permeability and rejection , 2005 .

[128]  D. Bhattacharyya,et al.  Advances in Solvent‐Resistant Nanofiltration Membranes , 2003 .

[129]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Development of stable organic solvent nanofiltration membranes for membrane enhanced dynamic kinetic resolution , 2006 .

[130]  In-Chul Kim,et al.  Formation of integrally skinned asymmetric polyetherimide nanofiltration membranes by phase inversion process , 2002 .

[131]  Dibakar Bhattacharyya,et al.  Solute transport in solvent-resistant nanofiltration membranes for non-aqueous systems: experimental results and the role of solute–solvent coupling , 2002 .

[132]  Udo Kragl,et al.  Asymmetric reduction of acetophenone in membrane reactors: comparison of oxazaborolidine and alcohol dehydrogenase catalysed processes , 1999 .

[133]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Effect of concentration polarisation in organic solvent nanofiltration – flat sheet and spiral wound systems , 2006 .

[134]  In-Chul Kim,et al.  Effect of aqueous and organic solutions on the performance of polyamide thin‐film‐composite nanofiltration membranes , 2002 .

[135]  In-Chul Kim,et al.  Preparation of interfacially synthesized and silicone-coated composite polyamide nanofiltration membranes with high performance , 2002 .

[136]  Kamalesh K. Sirkar,et al.  Interfacially polymerized hydrophilic microporous thin film composite membranes on porous polypropylene hollow fibers and flat films , 2006 .

[137]  C. A. Smolders,et al.  Formation of membranes by means of immersion precipitation : Part II. the mechanism of formation of membranes prepared from the system cellulose acetate-acetone-water , 1987 .

[138]  Udo Kragl,et al.  Polymer enlarged oxazaborolidines in a membrane reactor: enhancing effectivity by retention of the homogeneous catalyst , 1998 .

[139]  G. Tomandl,et al.  Ceramic Membranes for Filtration Applications — Preparation and Characterization , 2004 .

[140]  Haruhiko Ohya,et al.  Study on molecular weight cut-off performance of asymmetric aromatic polyimide membrane , 1997 .

[141]  J. E. Cadotte.  Evolution of composite reverse osmosis membranes , 1985 .

[142]  Ashwani Kumar,et al.  Solvent and pH resistance of surface crosslinked chitosan/poly(acrylonitrile) composite nanofiltration membranes , 2000 .

[143]  B. Van der Bruggen,et al.  Modelling of solute transport in non-aqueous nanofiltration , 2006 .

[144]  Haruhiko Ohya,et al.  Studies on distribution and reverse osmosis properties of cellulose acetate derivatives for organic compounds , 1993 .

[145]  Ahmad Fauzi Ismail,et al.  Effect of additive contents on the performances and structural properties of asymmetric polyethersulfone (PES) nanofiltration membranes , 2007 .

[146]  William J. Koros,et al.  The passing of a giant , 1996 .

[147]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Homogeneous catalyst separation and re-use through nanofiltration of organic solvents , 2002 .

[148]  T. Gaborski,et al.  Charge- and size-based separation of macromolecules using ultrathin silicon membranes , 2007, Nature.

[149]  G. Koten,et al.  Recyclable nanosize homogeneous catalysts , 2003 .

[150]  B. Paul,et al.  Organic solvent nanofiltration for microfluidic purification of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers. , 2007, Journal of chromatography. A.

[151]  Jong-Gyu Kim,et al.  The changes of membrane performance with polyamide molecular structure in the reverse osmosis process , 2000 .

[152]  Shuhei Izumi,et al.  Silica-zirconia membranes for nanofiltration , 1998 .

[153]  G. W. Parshall,et al.  Reverse osmosis in homogeneous catalysis , 1977 .

[154]  Christian Guizard,et al.  Potentiality of organic solvents filtration with ceramic membranes. A comparison with polymer membranes , 2002 .

[155]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Phase-transfer catalyst separation and re-use by solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes , 2001 .

[156]  W. Gill,et al.  REVIEW OF REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT MODELS , 1981 .

[157]  Shuhei Izumi,et al.  Temperature effect on transport performance by inorganic nanofiltration membranes , 2000 .

[158]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  The influence of membrane formation parameters on the functional performance of organic solvent nanofiltration membranes , 2007 .

[159]  Filip Du Prez,et al.  Segmented polymer networks based on poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) and poly(tetrahydrofuran) as polymer membranes with thermo-responsive permeability , 2004 .

[160]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  In search of a standard method for the characterisation of organic solvent nanofiltration membranes , 2007 .

[161]  R. L. Riley,et al.  Transport properties of cellulose acetate osmotic membranes , 1965 .

[162]  Edward L Cussler,et al.  Terminology for membranes and membrane processes (IUPAC Recommendations 1996) , 1996 .

[163]  Donald R Paul,et al.  Solute diffusion through swollen polymer membranes , 1976 .

[164]  Feng Lu,et al.  Nanoparticles as recyclable catalysts: the frontier between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[165]  Dieter Vogt,et al.  Catalysis with Soluble Hybrids of Highly Branched Macromolecules with Palladium Nanoparticles in a Continuously Operated Membrane Reactor , 2003 .

[166]  F. Zuniga-Rivero.  PHILIPPINES CENTRAL VALLEY BASIN MAY HOLD CARBONATE AND SANDSTONE GAS , 1999 .

[167]  Udo Kragl,et al.  Asymmetric hydrogenation in a membrane reactor: recycling of the chiral catalyst by using a retainable micellar system , 2001 .

[168]  Berth-Jan Deelman,et al.  Membrane reactor for homogeneous catalysis in supercritical carbon dioxide , 2003 .

[169]  F. P. Cuperus.  Recovery of Organic Solvents and Valuable Components by Membrane Separation , 2005 .

[170]  Abdul Latif Ahmad,et al.  Properties–performance of thin film composites membrane: study on trimesoyl chloride content and polymerization time , 2005 .

[171]  Kang Li,et al.  Preparation of porous PVDF hollow fibre membrane via a phase inversion method using lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as an additive , 2005 .

[172]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Semi-continuous nanofiltration-coupled Heck reactions as a new approach to improve productivity of homogeneous catalysts , 2001 .

[173]  Juin-Yih Lai,et al.  Effect of nonsolvent additives on the porosity and morphology of asymmetric TPX membranes , 1996 .

[174]  Xigao Jian,et al.  Preparation of UF and NF poly (phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) membranes for high temperature application , 1999 .

[175]  L. Lin,et al.  Bench-scale membrane degumming of crude vegetable oil : Process optimization , 1997 .

[176]  Kamalesh K. Sirkar,et al.  Nanofiltration-based diafiltration process for solvent exchange in pharmaceutical manufacturing , 2003 .

[177]  Lloyd S. White,et al.  Solvent recovery from lube oil filtrates with a polyimide membrane , 2000 .

[178]  Hiroshi Yanagishita,et al.  SELECTION CRITERIA FOR SOLVENT AND GELATION MEDIUM IN THE PHASE INVERSION PROCESS , 1994 .

[179]  B. Van der Bruggen,et al.  Study of the characteristics and the performance of self-made nanoporous polyethersulfone membranes , 2006 .

[180]  V Nwuha,et al.  Novel studies on membrane extraction of bioactive components of green tea in organic solvents: part I , 2000 .

[181]  Christian Guizard,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of microporous zirconia powders : application in nanofilters and nanofiltration characteristics , 1997 .

[182]  E. S. Tarleton,et al.  Influence of Cross-Linking and Process Parameters on the Separation Performance of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Nanofiltration Membranes , 2005 .

[183]  Jason Kwiatkowski,et al.  Performance of Nanofiltration Membranes in Ethanol , 2005 .

[184]  Shigeji Konagaya,et al.  Reverse osmosis performance and chlorine resistance of new ternary aromatic copolyamides comprising 3,3′-diaminodiphenylsulfone and a comonomer with a carboxyl group , 2001 .

[185]  Juin-Yih Lai,et al.  Dehydration of ethanol/water mixtures by pervaporation with composite membranes of polyacrylic acid and plasma-treated polycarbonate , 2000 .

[186]  Lieven E. M. Gevers,et al.  Optimisation of a lab-scale method for preparation of composite membranes with a filled dense top-layer , 2006 .

[187]  M. Ulbricht.  Advanced functional polymer membranes , 2006 .

[188]  Berth-Jan Deelman,et al.  Homogeneous Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Using a Catalyst Immobilized by a Microporous Silica Membrane. , 2001, Angewandte Chemie.

[189]  Christian Müller,et al.  Continuous Homogeneous Catalysis , 2005 .

[190]  A. Katchalsky,et al.  Thermodynamic analysis of the permeability of biological membranes to non-electrolytes. , 1958, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[191]  Ivo F. J. Vankelecom,et al.  Gold nanoclusters as colloidal catalysts for oxidation of long chain aliphatic 1,2-diols in alcohol solvents , 2005 .

[192]  S Loeb.  Desalination Research in California. , 1965, Science.

[193]  S. V. Joshi,et al.  Novel membrane processes for separation of organics , 2003 .

[194]  Pieter Vandezande,et al.  Ag0 and Co0 nanocolloids as recyclable quasihomogeneous metal catalysts for the hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to allylic alcohol fragrances , 2007 .

[195]  Masahiko Hirose,et al.  Effect of skin layer surface structures on the flux behaviour of RO membranes , 1996 .

[196]  Lloyd S. White,et al.  Development of large-scale applications in organic solvent nanofiltration and pervaporation for chemical and refining processes , 2006 .

[197]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Homogeneous phase transfer catalyst recovery and re-use using solvent resistant membranes , 2002 .

[198]  C. R. Dias,et al.  Structure of water in asymmetric cellulose ester membranes — and ATR-FTIR study , 1998 .

[199]  M. Persin,et al.  Correlation between selectivity and surface charge in cobalt spinel ultrafiltration membrane , 2001 .

[200]  Carlo Vandecasteele,et al.  Influence of organic solvents on the performance of polymeric nanofiltration membranes , 2002 .

[201]  M. Albrecht,et al.  Dinuclear titanium(IV) complexes from amino acid bridged dicatechol ligands: formation, structure, and conformational analysis. , 2001, Chemistry.

[202]  Michael D. Guiver,et al.  Thermostable ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes from sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) , 2001 .

[203]  Jastrzebski,et al.  Phosphino carboxylic acid ester functionalized carbosilane dendrimers: nanoscale ligands for the Pd-catalyzed hydrovinylation reaction in a membrane reactor , 2000, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[204]  Munir Cheryan,et al.  Deacidifying rice bran oil by solvent extraction and membrane technology , 1999 .

[205]  Matthias Wessling,et al.  Insight into the transport of hexane-solute systems through tailor-made composite membranes , 2004 .

[206]  E. Lusas,et al.  Membrane processing of crude vegetable oils: Pilot plant scale remoyal of solvent from oil miscellas , 1990 .

[207]  Miguel Mattea,et al.  Ultrafiltration of vegetable oils: Degumming by polymeric membranes , 2001 .

[208]  Ying Kong,et al.  Separation performance of polyimide nanofiltration membranes for concentrating spiramycin extract , 2006 .

[209]  R. Weber,et al.  Microporous TiO2 membranes with a cut off <500 Da , 2000 .

[210]  Toshinori Tsuru,et al.  Reverse osmosis of nonaqueous solutions through porous silica-zirconia membranes , 2006 .

[211]  Takeshi Matsuura,et al.  Reverse osmosis separations for some alcohols and phenols in aqueous solutions using aromatic polyamide membranes , 1974 .

[212]  Hiroyasu Kondo,et al.  Inorganic porous membranes for nanofiltration of nonaqueous solutions , 2003 .

[213]  Rangaswamy Subramanian,et al.  Deacidification of model vegetable oils using polymeric membranes , 2005 .

[214]  Miguel Menéndez,et al.  Separation of Pd complexes from a homogeneous solution using zeolite membranes , 2001 .

[215]  Seppo Palosaari,et al.  Flowsheet simulation of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis processes , 1994 .

[216]  Mathias Ulbricht,et al.  Preparation and characterization of a novel solvent-resistant and autoclavable polymer membrane , 2002 .

[217]  Nandakishore Rajagopalan,et al.  Deacidification of soybean oil by membrane technology , 1996 .

[218]  Jeong-Hoon Kim,et al.  Effect of PEG additive on membrane formation by phase inversion , 1998 .

[219]  Christian Guizard,et al.  Inorganic membranes and solid state sciences , 2000 .

[220]  E. S. Tarleton,et al.  Solvent-induced swelling of membranes : Measurements and influence in nanofiltration , 2006 .

[221]  Ronny Neumann,et al.  Highly efficient recycling of a "sandwich" type polyoxometalate oxidation catalyst using solvent resistant nanofiltration. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[222]  J. G. Wijmans,et al.  The solution-diffusion model: a review , 1995 .

[223]  Dibakar Bhattacharyya,et al.  Performance of solvent-resistant membranes for non-aqueous systems: solvent permeation results and modeling , 2001 .

[224]  Myeong-Jin Han,et al.  Thermodynamic and rheological variation in polysulfone solution by PVP and its effect in the preparation of phase inversion membrane , 2002 .

[225]  Dominique Langevin,et al.  Polyimide asymmetric membranes: Elaboration, morphology, and gas permeation performance , 2003 .

[226]  Yujun Song,et al.  Mechanisms of structure and performance controlled thin film composite membrane formation via interfacial polymerization process , 2005 .

[227]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Nanofiltration membrane cascade for continuous solvent exchange , 2007 .

[228]  Lieven E. M. Gevers,et al.  Plasma-treated PDMS-membranes in solvent resistant nanofiltration: Characterization and study of transport mechanism , 2006 .

[229]  Qipeng Yuan,et al.  Effect of membrane pretreatment on performance of solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes in methanol solutions , 2006 .

[230]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Insights into the Transport of Toluene and Phenol Through Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes , 2003 .

[231]  C. Grigoropoulos,et al.  Fast Mass Transport Through Sub-2-Nanometer Carbon Nanotubes , 2006, Science.

[232]  Matthias Wessling,et al.  Poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] as a solvent resistance nanofiltration membrane material , 2006 .

[233]  Manfred T. Reetz,et al.  Allylic Substitution with Dendritic Palladium Catalysts in a Continuously Operating Membrane Reactor , 1999 .

[234]  Rangaswamy Subramanian,et al.  Differential permeation of oil constituents in nonporous denser polymeric membranes , 2001 .

[235]  Takeshi Matsuura,et al.  Reverse osmosis separation of phenols in aqueous solutions using porous cellulose acetate membranes , 1972 .

[236]  C. R. Wildemuth,et al.  Membrane separation in solvent lube dewaxing , 2001 .

[237]  Matthias Schmidt,et al.  Nanofiltrationsmembranen für Trennprobleme in organischen Lösungen , 1999 .

[238]  Nadia A. Mohamed.  Novel wholly aromatic polyamide-hydrazides: 6. Dependence of membrane reverse osmosis performance on processing parameters and polymer structural variations , 1997 .

[239]  A. Buekenhoudt,et al.  Recycling of the homogeneous Co-Jacobsen catalyst through solvent-resistant nanofiltration (SRNF). , 2004, Chemical communications.

[240]  Xiaojing Yang,et al.  Experimental observations of nanofiltration with organic solvents , 2001 .

[241]  Lieven E. M. Gevers,et al.  Catalytic oxidation of 1,2-diols to α-hydroxy-carboxylates with stabilized gold nanocolloids combined with a membrane-based catalyst separation , 2005 .

[242]  Roumiana P. Stateva,et al.  Effect of concentration polarisation and osmotic pressure on flux in organic solvent nanofiltration , 2004 .

[243]  Ivo F. J. Vankelecom,et al.  Parameters Influencing Zeolite Incorporation in PDMS Membranes , 1994 .