Software strategies for portable computer energy management

Limiting the energy consumption of computers, especially portables, is becoming increasingly important. Thus, new energy-saving computer components and architectures have been and continue to be developed. Many architectural features have both high-performance and low-power modes, with the mode selection under software control. The problem is to minimize energy consumption while not significantly impacting the effective performance. We group the software control issues as follows: transition, load-change, and adaptation. The transition problem is deciding when to switch to low-power, reduced-functionality modes. The load-change problem is determining how to modify the load on a component so that it can make further use of its low-power modes. The adaptation problem is determining how to create software that allows components to be used in novel, power-saving ways. We survey implemented and proposed solutions to software energy management issues created by existing and suggested hardware innovations.

[1]  Maryline Chetto,et al.  Some Results of the Earliest Deadline Scheduling Algorithm , 1989, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

[2]  N. Bambos,et al.  Mobile power management for maximum battery life in wireless communication networks , 1996, Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM '96. Conference on Computer Communications.

[3]  Ken Thompson,et al.  The UNIX time-sharing system , 1974, CACM.

[4]  Philip M. Long,et al.  Adaptive Disk Spindown via Optimal Rent-to-Buy in Probabilistic Environments , 1999, Algorithmica.

[5]  Paul M. Greenawalt.  Modeling power management for hard disks , 1994, Proceedings of International Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems.

[6]  Randy H. Katz,et al.  Measuring and Reducing Energy Consumption of Network Interfaces in Hand-Held Devices (Special Issue on Mobile Computing) , 1997 .

[7]  Ravi Jain,et al.  Airdisks and airRAID (expanded extract): modeling and scheduling periodic wireless data broadcast , 1995, CARN.

[8]  Paul Horton,et al.  A Quantitative Analysis of Disk Drive Power Management in Portable Computers , 1994, USENIX Winter.

[9]  Anna R. Karlin,et al.  Competitive randomized algorithms for non-uniform problems , 1990, SODA '90.

[10]  S. W. Depp,et al.  Technology directions for portable computers , 1995, Proc. IEEE.

[11]  Scott Shenker,et al.  Scheduling for reduced CPU energy , 1994, OSDI '94.

[12]  Tomasz Imielinski,et al.  Energy efficient indexing on air , 1994, SIGMOD '94.

[13]  D. P. Fazzio,et al.  Head actuator dynamics of an IBM 5 1/4-inch disk drive , 1993, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[14]  R. Jain,et al.  A low power architecture for wireless multimedia systems: lessons learned from building a power hog , 1996, Proceedings of 1996 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design.

[15]  Hector Garcia-Molina,et al.  Emulating soft real-time scheduling using traditional operating system schedulers , 1994, 1994 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium.

[16]  Kai Li,et al.  Storage alternatives for mobile computers , 1994, OSDI '94.

[17]  P. Bellanger,et al.  11 MAC Entity: MAC basic access mechanism / privacy and access control , 1996 .

[18]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  Low-power CMOS digital design , 1992 .

[19]  William Klostermeyer,et al.  Reducing disk power consumption in a portable computer , 1995, OPSR.

[20]  Ravi Jain,et al.  Airdisks and AirRAID: Modeling and scheduling periodic wireless data broadcast (Extended , 1995 .

[21]  Ravi Krishnamurthy,et al.  The Case For Safe RAM , 1989, VLDB.

[22]  Mahmoud Naghshineh,et al.  Adapting to Network and Client Variability , 1998, IEEE Personal Communications.

[23]  Mendel Rosenblum,et al.  The design and implementation of a log-structured file system , 1991, SOSP '91.

[24]  Mani B. Srivastava,et al.  Predictive system shutdown and other architectural techniques for energy efficient programmable computation , 1996, IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst..

[25]  John Zahorjan,et al.  The challenges of mobile computing , 1994, Computer.

[26]  A. S. Hoagland,et al.  The changing nature of disk controllers , 1993 .

[27]  P. Krishnan,et al.  Thwarting the Power-Hungry Disk , 1994, USENIX Winter.

[28]  Ran-Hong Yan,et al.  Improving CMOS speed at low supply voltages , 1994, Proceedings 1994 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors.

[29]  Nicholas Bambos,et al.  Performance evaluation of power-managed mobile communication devices , 1996, Proceedings of ICC/SUPERCOMM '96 - International Conference on Communications.

[30]  P. Krishnan,et al.  Flash memory file caching for mobile computers , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[31]  Mahadev Satyanarayanan,et al.  A Programming Interface for Application-Aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing , 1995, Comput. Syst..

[32]  Darrell D. E. Long,et al.  A dynamic disk spin-down technique for mobile computing , 1996, MobiCom '96.

[33]  B. Mangione-Smith.  Low power communications protocols: paging and beyond , 1995, 1995 IEEE Symposium on Low Power Electronics. Digest of Technical Papers.

[34]  Fred Douglis,et al.  Adaptive Disk Spin-Down Policies for Mobile Computers , 1995, Comput. Syst..

[35]  K. Werner.  Flat panels fill the color bill for laptops , 1994, IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine.

[36]  Mary Baker,et al.  Non-volatile memory for fast, reliable file systems , 1992, ASPLOS V.

[37]  Robert W. Brodersen,et al.  Unified power control, error correction coding and scheduling for a CDMA downlink system , 1996, Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM '96. Conference on Computer Communications.

[38]  Alan Jay Smith,et al.  Reducing processor power consumption by improving processor time management in a single-user operating system , 1996, MobiCom '96.

[39]  D. W. Davies,et al.  A digital communication network for computers giving rapid response at remote terminals , 1967, SOSP.

[40]  Hal Wasserman,et al.  Comparing algorithm for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power CPU , 1995, MobiCom '95.

[41]  J.H. Snyder,et al.  Low-power software for low-power people , 1994, Proceedings of 1994 IEEE Symposium on Low Power Electronics.

[42]  C. Wood,et al.  DASD trends: cost, performance, and form factor , 1993, Proc. IEEE.

[43]  Jerome H. Saltzer,et al.  End-to-end arguments in system design , 1984, TOCS.

[44]  Jacob R. Lorch,et al.  A complete picture of the energy consumption of a portable computer , 1995 .

[45]  Geoffrey H. Kuenning,et al.  An Analysis of Trace Data for Predictive File Caching in Mobile Computing , 1994, USENIX Summer.

[46]  Hector Sanchez,et al.  The PowerPC 603 microprocessor: a low-power design for portable applications , 1994, Proceedings of COMPCON '94.

[47]  Kai Li,et al.  Operating system implications of solid-state mobile computers , 1993, Proceedings of IEEE 4th Workshop on Workstation Operating Systems. WWOS-III.

[48]  Mahadev Satyanarayanan,et al.  Experience with Disconnected Operation in a Mobile Computing Environment , 1994, Mobidata.

[49]  Michele Zorzi,et al.  Error Control and Energy Consumption in Communications for Nomadic Computing , 1997, IEEE Trans. Computers.

[50]  Donald C. Cox,et al.  Wireless personal communications: what is it? , 1995, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[51]  D. Duchamp.  Issues in wireless mobile computing , 1992, [1992] Proceedings Third Workshop on Workstation Operating Systems.

[52]  Hiroshi Motoda,et al.  A Flash-Memory Based File System , 1995, USENIX.

[53]  Michael Wu,et al.  eNVy: a non-volatile, main memory storage system , 1994, ASPLOS VI.

[54]  Andrew Wolfe,et al.  Compilation techniques for low energy: an overview , 1994, Proceedings of 1994 IEEE Symposium on Low Power Electronics.

[55]  Sharad Malik,et al.  Instruction level power analysis and optimization of software , 1996, Proceedings of 9th International Conference on VLSI Design.

[56]  Alan Jay Smith,et al.  Disk caching in large database and timeshared systems , 1997, Proceedings Fifth International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems.

[57]  R. A. Powers.  Batteries for low power electronics , 1995, Proc. IEEE.

[58]  Stephen Pink,et al.  Low-loss TCP/IP header compression for wireless networks , 1996, MobiCom '96.

[59]  Jan M. Rabaey,et al.  Design of wireless portable systems , 1995, Digest of Papers. COMPCON'95. Technologies for the Information Superhighway.

[60]  Francis Roger White,et al.  Experimental 2.0 V power/performance optimization of a 3.6 V-design CMOS microprocessor-PowerPC 601 , 1994, Proceedings of 1994 VLSI Technology Symposium.