Attentional bias for smoking and affective stimuli: a Stroop task study.

Prior research has demonstrated attentional biases to smoking-related cues among smokers, and several lines of research suggest strong ties between smoking and negative affect. The authors tested attentional biases to both smoking and affective cues in 27 smokers using an emotional Stroop paradigm, and examined the relationship between these forms of attentional bias. Findings indicated significant attentional biases to smoking-related and negative-affect words, but not positive-affect words. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the degree of attentional bias to smoking and negative-affect words. These data provide evidence of a close association between smoking-related and affective cue processing from a cognitive perspective. Potential theoretical and clinical implications for these findings are discussed.

[1]  Effects of cue exposure and deprivation on cognitive resources in smokers. , 1994 .

[2]  Ingmar H. A. Franken,et al.  Drug craving and addiction: integrating psychological and neuropsychopharmacological approaches , 2003, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

[3]  B. Carter,et al.  Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research. , 1999, Addiction.

[4]  K. Berridge,et al.  Incentive-sensitization and addiction. , 2001, Addiction.

[5]  H. Kucera,et al.  Computational analysis of present-day American English , 1967 .

[6]  Reactivity to instructed smoking availability and environmental cues: Evidence with urge and reaction time. , 1998 .

[7]  S. Tiffany.  Potential functions of classical conditioning in drug addiction. , 1995 .

[8]  M. Sayette,et al.  Effects of smoking opportunity on attentional bias in smokers. , 2001, Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors.

[9]  D. Abrams,et al.  Responses to smoking-related stimuli and early relapse to smoking. , 1989, Addictive behaviors.

[10]  L. Kozlowski,et al.  The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. , 1991, British journal of addiction.

[11]  S. Tiffany,et al.  The use of a dual-task procedure for the assessment of cognitive effort associated with cigarette craving , 1996, Psychopharmacology.

[12]  A. Buss,et al.  Temperament: Early Developing Personality Traits , 1984 .

[13]  J. Kassel,et al.  Smoking, stress, and negative affect: correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. , 2003, Psychological bulletin.

[14]  Matt Field,et al.  Attentional bias in drug dependence: vigilance for cigarette-related cues in smokers. , 2003, Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors.

[15]  Karin Mogg,et al.  Selective Processing of Smoking-Related Cues in Current Smokers, Ex-Smokers and Never-Smokers on the Modified Stroop Task , 2003, Journal of psychopharmacology.

[16]  Andrew J Waters,et al.  Negative affect and smoking lapses: a prospective analysis. , 2004, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[17]  K. Mogg,et al.  Attentional and evaluative biases for smoking cues in nicotine dependence: component processes of biases in visual orienting , 2004, Behavioural pharmacology.

[18]  S. Shiffman,et al.  Attentional bias predicts outcome in smoking cessation. , 2003, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[19]  Karin Mogg,et al.  Selective processing of smoking-related cues in smokers: manipulation of deprivation level and comparison of three measures of processing bias , 2002, Journal of psychopharmacology.

[20]  G. Marlatt,et al.  Addictive behaviour: Cue exposure theory and practice. , 1995 .

[21]  M. Jarvik,et al.  Nicotine abstinence produces content-specific stroop interference , 2005, Psychopharmacology.

[22]  G. Koob,et al.  Transition to drug addiction: a negative reinforcement model based on an allostatic decrease in reward function , 2005, Psychopharmacology.

[23]  D. Abrams,et al.  Reactivity to smoking cues and relapse: two studies of discriminant validity. , 1988, Behaviour research and therapy.

[24]  A. Beck,et al.  An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. , 1988, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[25]  D. Hatsukami,et al.  Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. , 1986, Archives of general psychiatry.

[26]  T. Eissenberg,et al.  Effects of abstinence and smoking on information processing in adolescent smokers , 2000, Psychopharmacology.

[27]  J F Thayer,et al.  Attentional bias in active smokers, abstinent smokers, and nonsmokers. , 1997, Addictive behaviors.

[28]  J. Monterosso,et al.  Comparing attentional bias to smoking cues in current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers using a dot-probe task. , 2002, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[29]  T. Brandon.  Negative Affect as Motivation to Smoke , 1994 .

[30]  Andrew J Waters,et al.  Attentional shifts to smoking cues in smokers. , 2003, Addiction.

[31]  S. Tiffany,et al.  The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges. , 1991, British journal of addiction.

[32]  C. Feyerabend,et al.  Determinants and effects of attentional bias in smokers. , 2000, Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors.

[33]  Megan E. Piper,et al.  Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. , 2004, Psychological review.

[34]  T. Baker,et al.  Postcessation cigarette use: the process of relapse. , 1990, Addictive behaviors.

[35]  Lee Hogarth,et al.  Attentional orienting towards smoking-related stimuli , 2003, Behavioural pharmacology.

[36]  Charles H Hillman,et al.  Food deprivation and emotional reactions to food cues: implications for eating disorders , 2001, Biological Psychology.

[37]  J. Lessiter,et al.  Cigarette smoking and attention to signals of reward and threat in the Stroop paradigm. , 2002, Addiction.

[38]  S. Tiffany,et al.  A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. , 1990, Psychological review.

[39]  Induction of smoking urge through imaginal and in vivo procedures: physiological and self-report manifestations. , 1997 .

[40]  M. Munafo,et al.  A family smoking index to capture genetic influence in smoking: rationale and two validation studies. , 2005, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.