Nanoparticle-free tissue-mimicking phantoms with intrinsic scattering.

We present an alternative to the conventional approach, phantoms without scattering nanoparticles, where scattering is achieved by the material itself: spherical cavities trapped in a silicone matrix. We describe the properties and fabrication of novel optical phantoms based on a silicone elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glycerol mixture. Optical properties (absorption coefficient µa , reduced scattering coefficient µs' , and anisotropy factor g) of the fabricated phantoms were retrieved from spectrophotometric measurements (in the 400-1100 nm wavelength range) using the inverse adding-doubling method. The internal structure of the phantoms was studied under a scanning electron microscope, and the chemical composition was assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Composition of the phantom material is reported along with the full characterization of the produced phantoms and ways to control their parameters.

[1]  Ray L. Frost,et al.  Cryogenic Raman spectroscopy of glycerol , 2000 .

[2]  B. Pogue,et al.  Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry. , 2006, Journal of biomedical optics.

[3]  Scott A Prahl,et al.  Preparation and characterization of polyurethane optical phantoms. , 2006, Journal of biomedical optics.

[4]  Valery V. Tuchin,et al.  Optical Clearing of Cranial Bone , 2008 .

[5]  Jerry Goodisman,et al.  Simultaneous, noninvasive observation of elastic scattering, fluorescence and inelastic scattering as a monitor of blood flow and hematocrit in human fingertip capillary beds. , 2009, Journal of biomedical optics.

[6]  Michael S Feld,et al.  Turbidity-corrected Raman spectroscopy for blood analyte detection. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[7]  D. D. de Bruin,et al.  Optical phantoms of varying geometry based on thin building blocks with controlled optical properties. , 2010, Journal of biomedical optics.

[8]  Andreas Neyer,et al.  Raman, mid-infrared, near-infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy of PDMS silicone rubber for characterization of polymer optical waveguide materials , 2010 .

[9]  A. P. Popov,et al.  Skin phantoms with realistic vessel structure for OCT measurements , 2010, Laser Applications in Life Sciences.

[10]  Dan Zhu,et al.  In vivo skin optical clearing by glycerol solutions: mechanism , 2009, Journal of biophotonics.

[11]  Brendan F Kennedy,et al.  Fibrin phantom for use in optical coherence tomography. , 2010, Journal of biomedical optics.

[12]  Dror Fixler,et al.  Reflected light intensity profile of two-layer tissues: phantom experiments. , 2011, Journal of biomedical optics.

[13]  R. Dasari,et al.  Investigation of the specificity of Raman spectroscopy in non-invasive blood glucose measurements , 2011, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[14]  Valery V. Tuchin,et al.  OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SKIN, SUBCUTANEOUS, AND MUSCLE TISSUES: A REVIEW , 2011 .

[15]  Alexander V. Priezzhev,et al.  Multilayer tissue phantoms with embedded capillary system for OCT and DOCT imaging , 2011, European Conference on Biomedical Optics.

[16]  Michael S. Feld,et al.  Rapid and accurate determination of tissue optical properties using least-squares support vector machines , 2011, Biomedical optics express.

[17]  V. V. Tuchin,et al.  Finger tissue model and blood perfused skin tissue phantom , 2011, BiOS.

[18]  Kelsey M. Kennedy,et al.  Review of tissue simulating phantoms with controllable optical, mechanical and structural properties for use in optical coherence tomography , 2012, Biomedical optics express.

[19]  Jeeseong Hwang,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of a multilayered optical tissue model with embedded scattering microspheres in polymeric materials , 2012, Biomedical optics express.

[20]  J. Miao,et al.  A practical guide for the fabrication of microfluidic devices using glass and silicon. , 2012, Biomicrofluidics.

[21]  Dror Fixler,et al.  Subcutaneous gold nanoroad detection with diffusion reflection measurement , 2013, Journal of biomedical optics.

[22]  Revital Pery Shechter,et al.  A tissue mimicking phantom model for applications combining light and ultrasound , 2013, Photonics West - Biomedical Optics.

[23]  Sanjiv S. Gambhir,et al.  Development and Application of Stable Phantoms for the Evaluation of Photoacoustic Imaging Instruments , 2013, PloS one.

[24]  Yukihiro Ozaki,et al.  Spectroscopic approach for dynamic bioanalyte tracking with minimal concentration information , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[25]  Matti Kinnunen,et al.  Light Propagation in NIR Spectroscopy of the Human Brain , 2014, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[26]  Brendan F Kennedy,et al.  Optofluidic needle probe integrating targeted delivery of fluid with optical coherence tomography imaging. , 2014, Optics letters.

[27]  Dror Fixler,et al.  Diffusion Reflection and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy Study of Fluorophore-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles or Nanorods in Solid Phantoms , 2014, ACS photonics.

[28]  Matti Kinnunen,et al.  Measurements of fundamental properties of homogeneous tissue phantoms , 2015, Journal of biomedical optics.

[29]  Hamootal Duadi,et al.  Experimental system for measuring the full scattering profile of circular phantoms. , 2015, Biomedical optics express.

[30]  S Kenjeres,et al.  Application of full field optical studies for pulsatile flow in a carotid artery phantom. , 2015, Biomedical optics express.

[31]  Valery V. Tuchin,et al.  Multi-layered tissue head phantoms for noninvasive optical diagnostics , 2015 .

[32]  Malgorzata Jedrzejewska-Szczerska,et al.  Use of optical skin phantoms for preclinical evaluation of laser efficiency for skin lesion therapy , 2015, Journal of biomedical optics.

[33]  Dror Fixler,et al.  An ultra-sensitive dual-mode imaging system using metal-enhanced fluorescence in solid phantoms , 2015, Nano Research.

[34]  Małgorzata Jędrzejewska-Szczerska,et al.  Blood equivalent phantom vs whole human blood, a comparative study , 2016 .