SNPitty: An Intuitive Web Application for Interactive B-Allele Frequency and Copy Number Visualization of Next-Generation Sequencing Data.

Exploration and visualization of next-generation sequencing data are crucial for clinical diagnostics. Software allowing simultaneous visualization of multiple regions of interest coupled with dynamic heuristic filtering of genetic aberrations is, however, lacking. Therefore, the authors developed the web application SNPitty that allows interactive visualization and interrogation of variant call format files by using B-allele frequencies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and single-nucleotide variants, coverage metrics, and copy numbers analysis results. SNPitty displays variant alleles and allelic imbalances with a focus on loss of heterozygosity and copy number variation using genome-wide heterozygous markers and somatic mutations. In addition, SNPitty is capable of generating predefined reports that summarize and highlight disease-specific targets of interest. SNPitty was validated for diagnostic interpretation of somatic events by showcasing a serial dilution series of glioma tissue. Additionally, SNPitty is demonstrated in four cancer-related scenarios encountered in daily clinical practice and on whole-exome sequencing data of peripheral blood from a Down syndrome patient. SNPitty allows detection of loss of heterozygosity, chromosomal and gene amplifications, homozygous or heterozygous deletions, somatic mutations, or any combination thereof in regions or genes of interest. Furthermore, SNPitty can be used to distinguish molecular relationships between multiple tumors from a single patient. On the basis of these data, the authors demonstrate that SNPitty is robust and user friendly in a wide range of diagnostic scenarios.

[1]  Helga Thorvaldsdóttir,et al.  Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV): high-performance genomics data visualization and exploration , 2012, Briefings Bioinform..

[2]  M. Noguchi,et al.  Loss of heterozygosity on 10q23.3 and mutation of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN in benign endometrial cyst of the ovary: possible sequence progression from benign endometrial cyst to endometrioid carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. , 2000, Cancer research.

[3]  A. Jemal,et al.  Cancer statistics, 2016 , 2016, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[4]  G. Tate,et al.  Mutations of the KIT gene and loss of heterozygosity of the PTEN region in a primary malignant melanoma arising from a mature cystic teratoma of the ovary. , 2009, Cancer genetics and cytogenetics.

[5]  Ross Ihaka,et al.  Gentleman R: R: A language for data analysis and graphics , 1996 .

[6]  A. Knudson,et al.  A continuum model for tumour suppression , 2011, Nature.

[7]  Li Ding,et al.  Patterns and functional implications of rare germline variants across 12 cancer types , 2015, Nature Communications.

[8]  Theresa Zhang,et al.  Personalized genomic analyses for cancer mutation discovery and interpretation , 2015, Science Translational Medicine.

[9]  Richard Durbin,et al.  Sequence analysis Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows – Wheeler transform , 2009 .

[10]  K. Kinzler,et al.  Mechanisms underlying losses of heterozygosity in human colorectal cancers , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  Tatiana Popova,et al.  Multi-factor data normalization enables the detection of copy number aberrations in amplicon sequencing data , 2014, Bioinform..

[12]  Gary L. Gallia,et al.  TERT promoter mutations occur frequently in gliomas and a subset of tumors derived from cells with low rates of self-renewal , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[13]  D. Hanahan,et al.  Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation , 2011, Cell.

[14]  Gonçalo R. Abecasis,et al.  The variant call format and VCFtools , 2011, Bioinform..

[15]  Oscar Westesson,et al.  Visualizing next-generation sequencing data with JBrowse , 2013, Briefings Bioinform..

[16]  C. Perou,et al.  Allele-specific copy number analysis of tumors , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[17]  M. DePristo,et al.  The Genome Analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. , 2010, Genome research.

[18]  D. Karolchik,et al.  The UCSC Genome Browser database: 2016 update , 2015, bioRxiv.

[19]  Wilfred F. J. van IJcken,et al.  NARWHAL, a primary analysis pipeline for NGS data , 2012, Bioinform..

[20]  Carl Boettiger,et al.  An introduction to Docker for reproducible research , 2014, OPSR.

[21]  Elizabeth M. Smigielski,et al.  dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation , 2001, Nucleic Acids Res..

[22]  M. J. van den Bent,et al.  Diagnostic Detection of Allelic Losses and Imbalances by Next-Generation Sequencing: 1p/19q Co-Deletion Analysis of Gliomas. , 2016, The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD.

[23]  D. Busam,et al.  An Integrated Genomic Analysis of Human Glioblastoma Multiforme , 2008, Science.

[24]  Raphael Gottardo,et al.  Orchestrating high-throughput genomic analysis with Bioconductor , 2015, Nature Methods.

[25]  Yi-long Wu,et al.  Multiple primary malignancies involving lung cancer , 2015, BMC Cancer.

[26]  R Core Team,et al.  R: A language and environment for statistical computing. , 2014 .

[27]  S. Burma,et al.  Epidermal growth factor receptor in glioma: signal transduction, neuropathology, imaging, and radioresistance. , 2010, Neoplasia.

[28]  S. Gabriel,et al.  Pan-cancer patterns of somatic copy-number alteration , 2013, Nature Genetics.

[29]  B. Vogelstein,et al.  p53 gene mutations occur in combination with 17p allelic deletions as late events in colorectal tumorigenesis. , 1990, Cancer research.

[30]  Saskia D. Hiltemann,et al.  Gene fusions by chromothripsis of chromosome 5q in the VCaP prostate cancer cell line , 2013, Human Genetics.

[31]  Paul Shannon,et al.  VariantAnnotation: a Bioconductor package for exploration and annotation of genetic variants , 2014, Bioinform..

[32]  S. Jewell,et al.  Copyright © American Society for Investigative Pathology Review Effect of Fixatives and Tissue Processing on the Content and Integrity of Nucleic Acids , 2022 .