THE ORIGIN OF DOUBLE-PEAKED NARROW LINES IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. II. KINEMATIC CLASSIFICATIONS FOR THE POPULATION AT z < 0.1

We present optical longslit observations of the complete sample of 71 Type 2 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with double-peaked narrow emission lines at $z < 0.1$ in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Double-peaked emission lines are produced by a variety of mechanisms including disk rotation, kpc-scale dual AGNs, and NLR kinematics (outflows or inflows). We develop a novel kinematic classification technique to determine the nature of these objects using longslit spectroscopy alone. We determine that 86% of the double-peaked profiles are produced by moderate luminosity AGN outflows, 6% are produced by rotation, and 8% are ambiguous. While we are unable to directly identify dual AGNs with longslit data alone, we explore their potential kinematic classifications with this method. We also find a positive correlation between the narrow-line region (NLR) size and luminosity of the AGN NLRs (R$_{\mathrm{NLR}}\propto \; {\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{[OIII]}}}^{0.21 \pm 0.05}$), indicating a clumpy two-zone ionization model for the NLR.

[1]  D. Rosario,et al.  A SEARCH FOR BINARY ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: DOUBLE-PEAKED [O iii] AGNs IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY , 2009, 0908.1998.

[2]  Edward J. Wollack,et al.  THE ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE: ACT-CL J0102−4915 “EL GORDO,” A MASSIVE MERGING CLUSTER AT REDSHIFT 0.87 , 2011, 1109.0953.

[3]  M. Dopita,et al.  Are the Narrow-Line Regions in Active Galaxies Dusty and Radiation Pressure Dominated? , 2002, astro-ph/0203360.

[4]  Daniel Foreman-Mackey,et al.  emcee: The MCMC Hammer , 2012, 1202.3665.

[5]  James E. Gunn,et al.  AN EFFICIENT LOW RESOLUTION AND MODERATE RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH FOR THE HALE TELESCOPE , 1982 .

[6]  R. I. Davies,et al.  OUTFLOWS FROM ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: KINEMATICS OF THE NARROW-LINE AND CORONAL-LINE REGIONS IN SEYFERT GALAXIES, , 2011, 1107.3140.

[7]  K. Abazajian,et al.  THE SEVENTH DATA RELEASE OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY , 2008, 0812.0649.

[8]  A. Kinney,et al.  A Hubble Space Telescope Survey of Extended [O III] λ5007 Å Emission in a Far-Infrared-Selected Sample of Seyfert Galaxies: Results , 2003, astro-ph/0307255.

[9]  Yan-mei Chen,et al.  ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH DOUBLE-PEAKED NARROW LINES: ARE THEY DUAL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI? , 2009, 0910.0580.

[10]  J. Brinchmann,et al.  Present-Day Growth of Black Holes and Bulges: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Perspective , 2004, astro-ph/0406218.

[11]  J. Kennefick,et al.  IDENTIFICATION OF OUTFLOWS AND CANDIDATE DUAL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN SDSS QUASARS AT z = 0.8–1.6 , 2013, 1303.3587.

[12]  A. Myers,et al.  GEMINI LONG-SLIT OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS OBSCURED QUASARS: FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR AN UPPER LIMIT ON THE SIZE OF THE NARROW-LINE REGION , 2014, 1404.1921.

[13]  C. Tadhunter,et al.  The structure of the narrow-line region in Cygnus A , 2003 .

[14]  A. Loeb,et al.  Double-peaked narrow-line signatures of dual supermassive black holes in galaxy merger simulations , 2012, 1201.1904.

[15]  A. M. Swinbank,et al.  Kiloparsec-scale outflows are prevalent among luminous AGN: outflows and feedback in the context of the overall AGN population , 2014, 1403.3086.

[16]  T. V. Ricci,et al.  IFU spectroscopy of 10 early-type galactic nuclei – III. Properties of the circumnuclear gas emission , 2015, 1506.03459.

[17]  Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies , 2000, astro-ph/0010594.

[18]  Radio Properties of Low Redshift Broad Line Active Galactic Nuclei Including Multiple Component Radio Sources , 2008, 0809.3977.

[19]  M. Elitzur ON THE UNIFICATION OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI , 2012, 1202.1776.

[20]  J. Comerford,et al.  THE ORIGIN OF DOUBLE-PEAKED NARROW LINES IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. I. VERY LARGE ARRAY DETECTIONS OF DUAL AGNs AND AGN OUTFLOWS , 2015, 1509.04291.

[21]  Yue Shen,et al.  TYPE 2 ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH DOUBLE-PEAKED [O iii] LINES: NARROW-LINE REGION KINEMATICS OR MERGING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE PAIRS? , 2009, 0908.2426.

[22]  Hagai Netzer,et al.  Dynamical and Spectral Modeling of the Ionized Gas and Nuclear Environment in NGC 3783 , 2005, astro-ph/0502272.

[23]  T. Storchi-Bergmann,et al.  AN OUTFLOW PERPENDICULAR TO THE RADIO JET IN THE SEYFERT NUCLEUS OF NGC 5929 , 2013, 1311.6142.

[24]  F. Bournaud,et al.  Active galactic nuclei-driven outflows without immediate quenching in simulations of high-redshift disc galaxies , 2014, 1402.4482.

[25]  R. Genzel,et al.  NGC 6240: merger-induced star formation and gas dynamics , 2010, 1009.1539.

[26]  L. Simard,et al.  The impact of gas inflows on star formation rates and metallicities in barred galaxies , 2011, 1106.1177.

[27]  M. Westmoquette,et al.  Spatially resolved optical integral field unit spectroscopy of the inner superwind of NGC 253 , 2011, 1103.1775.

[28]  Luminosity-dependent Quasar Lifetimes: Reconciling the Optical and X-Ray Quasar Luminosity Functions , 2005, astro-ph/0504253.

[29]  P. Ghosh,et al.  COLLECTIVE PROPERTIES OF X-RAY BINARY POPULATIONS OF GALAXIES. I. LUMINOSITY AND ORBITAL PERIOD DISTRIBUTIONS OF HIGH-MASS X-RAY BINARIES , 2011, 1111.3817.

[30]  J. Silk UNLEASHING POSITIVE FEEDBACK: LINKING THE RATES OF STAR FORMATION, SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE ACCRETION, AND OUTFLOWS IN DISTANT GALAXIES , 2013, 1305.5840.

[31]  David Burstein,et al.  Rotation velocities of 16 SA galaxies and a comparison of Sa, SB and SC rotation properties. , 1985 .

[32]  Richard Mushotzky,et al.  UNDERSTANDING DUAL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVATION IN THE NEARBY UNIVERSE , 2012, 1201.2944.

[33]  P. Martini,et al.  Feeding versus feedback in NGC 4151 probed with Gemini NIFS – II. Kinematics , 2009, 0911.2212.

[34]  N. Zakamska,et al.  Observations of feedback from radio-quiet quasars - I. Extents and morphologies of ionized gas nebulae , 2013, 1301.1677.

[35]  Volker Springel,et al.  The Many lives of AGN: Cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies , 2006, astro-ph/0602065.

[36]  Claire E. Max,et al.  ADAPTIVE OPTICS IMAGING OF QUASI-STELLAR OBJECTS WITH DOUBLE-PEAKED NARROW LINES: ARE THEY DUAL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI? , 2011 .

[37]  S. Bianchi,et al.  The bolometric luminosity of type 2 AGN from extinction-corrected [OIII]. No evidence of Eddington-l , 2009, 0905.4439.

[38]  M. Whittle The narrow line region of active galaxies – I. Nuclear [O III] profiles , 1985 .

[39]  A. Kinney,et al.  A Comparison between the narrow-line regions of Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2 galaxies , 1996 .

[40]  L. Bradley,et al.  A Kinematic Model for the Narrow-Line Region in NGC 4151 , 2000, astro-ph/0007017.

[41]  R. Genzel,et al.  MOLECULAR GAS STREAMERS FEEDING AND OBSCURING THE ACTIVE NUCLEUS OF NGC 1068 , 2008, 0809.4943.

[42]  Measuring non-axisymmetry in spiral galaxies , 1997, astro-ph/9707332.

[43]  J. Newman,et al.  KILOPARSEC-SCALE SPATIAL OFFSETS IN DOUBLE-PEAKED NARROW-LINE ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. I. MARKERS FOR SELECTION OF COMPELLING DUAL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS CANDIDATES , 2011, 1111.2862.

[44]  T. D. Matteo,et al.  Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies , 2005, Nature.

[45]  A. Kinney,et al.  Jet Directions in Seyfert Galaxies , 2000, astro-ph/0002131.

[46]  R. Genzel,et al.  STELLAR AND MOLECULAR GAS KINEMATICS OF NGC 1097: INFLOW DRIVEN BY A NUCLEAR SPIRAL , 2009, 0903.0313.

[47]  T. Storchi-Bergmann,et al.  The Extended Narrow-Line Region of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy ESO 362-G18 versus That of the Seyfert 2 Galaxy ESO 362-G8 , 2000 .

[48]  T. D. Matteo,et al.  Modelling feedback from stars and black holes in galaxy mergers , 2004, astro-ph/0411108.

[49]  M. Steinmetz,et al.  Is AGN feedback necessary to form red elliptical galaxies? , 2007, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

[50]  E. Turner,et al.  The mean luminosity and mass densities in the Universe , 1975 .

[51]  Beverley J. Wills,et al.  Size and Structure of the Narrow-Line Region of Quasars , 2002, astro-ph/0206334.

[52]  J. Newman,et al.  1.75 h−1 kpc SEPARATION DUAL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI AT z = 0.36 IN THE COSMOS FIELD , 2009 .

[53]  S. Veilleux,et al.  Galactic Winds , 2005, astro-ph/0504435.

[54]  P. Hopkins,et al.  Quasar feedback: more bang for your buck , 2009, 0904.0649.

[55]  Christina Kluge,et al.  Data Reduction And Error Analysis For The Physical Sciences , 2016 .

[56]  D. Osterbrock,et al.  Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei , 1989 .

[57]  S. M. Fall,et al.  The kinematic properties of faint elliptical galaxies. , 1983 .

[58]  D. M. Crenshaw,et al.  DETERMINING INCLINATIONS OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI VIA THEIR NARROW-LINE REGION KINEMATICS. I. OBSERVATIONAL RESULTS* , 2013 .

[59]  N. Arav,et al.  Quasar outflows and AGN feedback in the extreme UV: HST/COS observations of HE 0238−1904 , 2013, 1305.2181.

[60]  A. Laor,et al.  What controls the [O iii] λ5007 line strength in active galactic nuclei? , 2005, astro-ph/0501436.

[61]  N. Zakamska,et al.  Observations of feedback from radio-quiet quasars – II. Kinematics of ionized gas nebulae , 2013, 1305.6922.

[62]  Yue Shen,et al.  TYPE 2 ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH DOUBLE-PEAKED [O iii] LINES. II. SINGLE AGNs WITH COMPLEX NARROW-LINE REGION KINEMATICS ARE MORE COMMON THAN BINARY AGNs , 2010, 1011.5246.

[63]  R. Genzel,et al.  THE ROLE OF MOLECULAR GAS IN OBSCURING SEYFERT ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI, , 2009, 0902.0978.

[64]  H. Schmitt,et al.  FEEDBACK FROM MASS OUTFLOWS IN NEARBY ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. II. OUTFLOWS IN THE NARROW-LINE REGION OF NGC 4151 , 2014, 1411.4507.

[65]  Alison L. Coil,et al.  The DEIMOS spectrograph for the Keck II Telescope: integration and testing , 2003, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[66]  J. Newman,et al.  INSPIRALLING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES: A NEW SIGNPOST FOR GALAXY MERGERS , 2008, 0810.3235.

[67]  R. Weymann,et al.  A MODERATE-RESOLUTION, HIGH-THROUGHPUT CCD CHANNEL FOR THE MMT SPECTROGRAPH , 1989 .

[68]  D. Rosario,et al.  DOUBLE-PEAKED NARROW-LINE ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. II. THE CASE OF EQUAL PEAKS , 2012 .

[69]  D. Crenshaw,et al.  Mass Loss from the Nuclei of Active Galaxies , 2003 .

[70]  A. C. Fabian,et al.  Observational Evidence of AGN Feedback , 2012, 1204.4114.

[71]  Kevin Schawinski,et al.  IMPROVED AND QUALITY-ASSESSED EMISSION AND ABSORPTION LINE MEASUREMENTS IN SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY GALAXIES , 2011, 1106.1896.

[72]  M. Brodwin,et al.  The Evolving Luminosity Function of Red Galaxies , 2006, astro-ph/0609584.

[73]  D. Crenshaw,et al.  Kinematics of the Narrow-Line Region in the Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 1068: Dynamical Effects of the Radio Jet , 2006, astro-ph/0603803.

[74]  Carnegie-Mellon,et al.  A Unified, Merger-driven Model of the Origin of Starbursts, Quasars, the Cosmic X-Ray Background, Supermassive Black Holes, and Galaxy Spheroids , 2005, astro-ph/0506398.

[75]  J. Comerford,et al.  DUAL SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES IN THE AGN AND GALAXY EVOLUTION SURVEY , 2013, 1309.2284.

[76]  C. Fassnacht,et al.  A CANDIDATE DUAL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS AT z = 1.175 , 2011 .

[77]  Andrew C. Fabian,et al.  Observational Evidence of Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback , 2012 .

[78]  A. Myers,et al.  SALT LONG-SLIT SPECTROSCOPY OF LUMINOUS OBSCURED QUASARS: AN UPPER LIMIT ON THE SIZE OF THE NARROW-LINE REGION? , 2013, 1307.5852.

[79]  Jelle S. Kaastra,et al.  Discovery of a Binary Active Galactic Nucleus in the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 6240 Using Chandra , 2002 .

[80]  Michaela Hirschmann,et al.  Origin and properties of dual and offset active galactic nuclei in a cosmological simulation at z=2 , 2015, 1510.08465.

[81]  G. Kauffmann,et al.  The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colour , 2005, astro-ph/0508046.

[82]  D. Jones,et al.  Giant radio galaxies – I. Intergalactic barometers , 2013, 1303.4825.

[83]  N. Nagar,et al.  THE COMPLEX GAS KINEMATICS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE SEYFERT 2 GALAXY NGC 1386: ROTATION, OUTFLOWS, AND INFLOWS , 2015, 1504.05089.

[84]  Stony Brook University,et al.  INVESTIGATION OF DUAL ACTIVE NUCLEI, OUTFLOWS, SHOCK-HEATED GAS, AND YOUNG STAR CLUSTERS IN MARKARIAN 266 , 2012, 1208.3248.

[85]  Chung-Pei Ma,et al.  REVISITING THE SCALING RELATIONS OF BLACK HOLE MASSES AND HOST GALAXY PROPERTIES , 2012, 1211.2816.

[86]  H. Akaike A new look at the statistical model identification , 1974 .

[87]  Heidelberg,et al.  Nearly 5000 Distant Early-Type Galaxies in COMBO-17: A Red Sequence and Its Evolution since z ~ 1 , 2003, astro-ph/0303394.

[88]  Adam D. Myers,et al.  MERGERS IN DOUBLE-PEAKED [O iii] ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI , 2010, 1009.0767.

[89]  R. Kantowski,et al.  The theory of transparent gravitational lenses. , 1975 .

[90]  Jonathan R Goodman,et al.  Ensemble samplers with affine invariance , 2010 .

[91]  J. Baldwin,et al.  ERRATUM - CLASSIFICATION PARAMETERS FOR THE EMISSION-LINE SPECTRA OF EXTRAGALACTIC OBJECTS , 1981 .

[92]  P. Coelho,et al.  BARS REJUVENATING BULGES? EVIDENCE FROM STELLAR POPULATION ANALYSIS , 2011, 1111.1736.

[93]  J. Miller,et al.  Spectropolarimetry and the nature of NGC 1068 , 1985 .

[94]  U. Maryland,et al.  Unification of X-ray winds in Seyfert galaxies: from ultra-fast outflows to warm absorbers , 2012, 1212.4851.

[95]  Heidelberg,et al.  A RUNAWAY BLACK HOLE IN COSMOS: GRAVITATIONAL WAVE OR SLINGSHOT RECOIL? , 2010, 1003.0020.

[96]  A. Szalay,et al.  Galaxy Luminosity Functions to z~1 from DEEP2 and COMBO-17: Implications for Red Galaxy Formation , 2005, astro-ph/0506044.

[97]  T. Heckman,et al.  Emission-line profiles and kinematics of the narrow-line region in Seyfert and radio galaxies , 1981 .

[98]  J. Comerford,et al.  SPATIALLY OFFSET ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. I. SELECTION AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES , 2016, 1606.01253.

[99]  E. al.,et al.  The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical summary , 2000, astro-ph/0006396.

[100]  S. Ellison,et al.  Galaxy pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey – VIII. The observational properties of post-merger galaxies , 2013, 1308.3707.

[101]  J. Prochaska,et al.  QUASARS PROBING QUASARS. III. NEW CLUES TO FEEDBACK, QUENCHING, AND THE PHYSICS OF MASSIVE GALAXY FORMATION , 2008, 0806.0862.

[102]  J. Ostriker,et al.  FEEDBACK FROM CENTRAL BLACK HOLES IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES. III. MODELS WITH BOTH RADIATIVE AND MECHANICAL FEEDBACK , 2010, 1003.0578.

[103]  A. Fabian,et al.  Active galactic nucleus feedback and triggering of star formation in galaxies , 2012, 1209.1480.

[104]  Dynamics of the Narrow-Line Region in the Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 1068* , 2006, astro-ph/0611183.

[105]  C. Fassnacht,et al.  A Candidate Dual AGN at z=1.175 , 2011, 1109.3469.

[106]  A. Connolly,et al.  THE DEEP2 GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEY: DESIGN, OBSERVATIONS, DATA REDUCTION, AND REDSHIFTS , 2012, 1203.3192.

[107]  L. Mayer,et al.  OBSERVABILITY OF DUAL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN MERGING GALAXIES , 2011, 1111.0223.

[108]  Robert Antonucci,et al.  Unified models for active galactic nuclei and quasars , 1993 .