Spectrally Efficient Frequency Division Multiplexing for 5G

The focus of this chapter is on novel multi-carrier communication techniques, which share the common goal of increasing spectrum efficiency in future communication systems. In particular, a technology termed Spectrally Efficient Frequency Division Multiplexing (SEFDM) is described in detail outlining its benefits, challenges and trade-offs when compared to the current state-of-the-art. A decade of research has been devoted to examining SEFDM from different angles; mathematical modelling, algorithm optimisation, hardware implementation and system experimentation. The aim of this chapter is to therefore give a taste of this technology and in doing so, the chapter is organised as follows; first, it is explained how SEFDM fits within the remit of future 5th Generation (5G) communication systems; second, the design principles and implementation trade-offs associated with SEFDM systems are described; third, a number of linear and more sophisticated polynomial detection schemes are compared in terms of performance and complexity; finally, the chapter concludes by outlining a number of experimental testbeds which have been developed for the purpose of evaluating the performance of SEFDM in practical scenarios.

[1]  G. Strang Introduction to Linear Algebra , 1993 .

[2]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Multi-band reduced complexity spectrally efficient FDM systems , 2014, 2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP).

[3]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Spectrally efficient FDM: Spectrum saving technique for 5G? , 2014, 1st International Conference on 5G for Ubiquitous Connectivity.

[4]  Emil Hopner An Experimental Modulation-Demodulation Scheme for High-Speed Data Transmission , 1959, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[5]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Characterizing the intercarrier interference of non-orthogonal Spectrally Efficient FDM system , 2012, 2012 8th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP).

[6]  Emanuele Viterbo,et al.  A universal lattice code decoder for fading channels , 1999, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[7]  Joachim Hagenauer,et al.  The turbo principle-tutorial introduction and state of the art , 1997 .

[8]  J. W. Burns,et al.  Measuring spectrum efficiency - the art of spectrum utilisation metrics , 2002 .

[9]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  A verification methodology for the detection of spectrally efficient FDM signals generated using reconfigurable hardware , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[10]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  A Truncated SVD approach for fixed complexity spectrally efficient FDM receivers , 2011, 2011 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[11]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Robust channel estimation for Spectrally Efficient FDM system , 2012, 2012 19th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT).

[12]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Bandwidth compressed carrier aggregation , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshop (ICCW).

[13]  M. Rodrigues,et al.  A new quasi-optimal detection algorithm for a non orthogonal Spectrally Efficient FDM , 2009, 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology.

[14]  David H. Bailey,et al.  The Fractional Fourier Transform and Applications , 1991, SIAM Rev..

[15]  Maziar Nekovee Cognitive Radio Access to TV White Spaces: Spectrum Opportunities, Commercial Applications and Remaining Technology Challenges , 2010, 2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN).

[16]  Fredrik Rusek,et al.  The two dimensional Mazo limit , 2005, Proceedings. International Symposium on Information Theory, 2005. ISIT 2005..

[17]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  A Spectrally Efficient Frequency Division Multiplexing Based Communication System , 2003 .

[18]  Fredrik Rusek,et al.  Improving OFDM: Multistream Faster-than-Nyquist Signaling , 2006 .

[19]  Behrouz Farhang-Boroujeny,et al.  Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation: A Waveform Candidate for 5G and Beyond , 2014 .

[20]  Farrokh Marvasti,et al.  Iterative Detection with Soft Decision in Spectrally Efficient FDM Systems , 2013, ArXiv.

[21]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Dual Polarization Coherent Optical Spectrally Efficient Frequency Division Multiplexing , 2016, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[22]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Precoded Spectrally Efficient FDM system , 2010, 21st Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[23]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Investigation of a Semidefinite Programming detection for a spectrally efficient FDM system , 2009, 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[24]  Andreas F. Molisch,et al.  Nonorthogonal pulseshapes for multicarrier communications in doubly dispersive channels , 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[25]  Fredrik Rusek,et al.  Multicarrier Faster-Than-Nyquist Transceivers: Hardware Architecture and Performance Analysis , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[26]  J. E. Mazo,et al.  Faster than Nyquist Signaling: Algorithms to Silicon , 2014 .

[27]  I. Kanaras,et al.  Spectrally efficient multicarrier communication systems:signal detection, mathematical modelling and optimisation , 2010 .

[28]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Spectrally Efficient FDM Signals: Bandwidth Gain at the Expense of Receiver Complexity , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[29]  Tao Gui,et al.  Optical SEFDM System; Bandwidth Saving Using Non-Orthogonal Sub-Carriers , 2014, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[30]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Optical spectrally efficient FDM system for electrical and optical bandwidth saving , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[31]  Babak Hassibi,et al.  On the sphere-decoding algorithm I. Expected complexity , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[32]  Björn E. Ottersten,et al.  On the complexity of sphere decoding in digital communications , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[33]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  M-QAM signal detection for a non-orthogonal system using an improved fixed sphere decoder , 2014, 2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP).

[34]  Gerhard Fettweis,et al.  Cyclostationary detection of cognitive radio systems using GFDM modulation , 2012, 2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).

[35]  Ramjee Prasad,et al.  Overview of multicarrier CDMA , 1997, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[36]  Gerhard Fettweis,et al.  GFDM - Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing , 2009, VTC Spring 2009 - IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference.

[37]  Joon Ho Cho,et al.  { Asymptotic Optimality of Binary Faster-than-Nyquist Signaling} , 2010, IEEE Communications Letters.

[38]  Joseph R. Cavallaro,et al.  Flex-Sphere: An FPGA Configurable Sort-Free Sphere Detector For Multi-user MIMO Wireless Systems , 2008 .

[39]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  What Will 5G Be? , 2014, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[40]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  A near optimum detection for a spectrally efficient non orthogonal FDM system. , 2008 .

[41]  Dario Fertonani,et al.  Improving the spectral efficiency of linear modulations through time-frequency packing , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory.

[42]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Fast OFDM: A proposal for doubling the data rate of OFDM schemes , 2002 .

[43]  Wang Jian,et al.  The Prefix Design and Performance Analysis of DFT-based Overlapped Frequency Division Multiplexing (OvFDM-DFT) System , 2007, 2007 3rd International Workshop on Signal Design and Its Applications in Communications.

[44]  Masanori Hamamura,et al.  Bandwidth efficiency improvement for multi-carrier systems , 2004, 2004 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8754).

[45]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Performance trade-offs and DSP evaluation of spectrally efficient FDM detection techniques , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[46]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Peak to average power ratio reduction in spectrally efficient FDM systems , 2011, 2011 18th International Conference on Telecommunications.

[47]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  A practical system for improved efficiency in frequency division multiplexed wireless networks , 2012, IET Commun..

[48]  Anass Benjebbour,et al.  System-level performance evaluation of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) , 2013, 2013 IEEE 24th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC).

[49]  Gene H. Golub,et al.  Matrix computations (3rd ed.) , 1996 .

[50]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  A combined MMSE-ML detection for a spectrally efficient non orthogonal FDM signal , 2008, 2008 5th International Conference on Broadband Communications, Networks and Systems.

[51]  Ismail Güvenç,et al.  A Survey on Multicarrier Communications: Prototype Filters, Lattice Structures, and Implementation Aspects , 2012, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[52]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Joint channel equalization and detection of Spectrally Efficient FDM signals , 2010, 21st Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[53]  Hosein Nikopour,et al.  Sparse code multiple access , 2013, 2013 IEEE 24th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC).

[54]  L. Bluestein A linear filtering approach to the computation of discrete Fourier transform , 1970 .

[55]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  An Improved Fixed Sphere Decoder Employing Soft Decision for the Detection of Non-orthogonal Signals , 2013, IEEE Communications Letters.

[56]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  FPGA implementations of real-time detectors for a spectrally efficient FDM system , 2013, ICT 2013.

[57]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Simple DSP-IDFT techniques for generating spectrally efficient FDM signals , 2010, 2010 7th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP 2010).

[58]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  A Soft Detector for Spectrally Efficient Systems With Non-Orthogonal Overlapped Sub-Carriers , 2014, IEEE Communications Letters.

[59]  Arsenia Chorti,et al.  Masked M-QAM OFDM: A simple approach for enhancing the security of OFDM systems , 2009, 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[60]  Gerhard Fettweis,et al.  Integration of a GFDM secondary system in an OFDM primary system , 2011, 2011 Future Network & Mobile Summit.

[61]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  VLSI Architecture for a Reconfigurable Spectrally Efficient FDM Baseband Transmitter , 2012, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap..

[62]  Behrouz Farhang-Boroujeny,et al.  Multicarrier communication techniques for spectrum sensing and communication in cognitive radios , 2008, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[63]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Design and Performance Assessment of Fixed Complexity Spectrally Efficient FDM Receivers , 2011, 2011 IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring).

[64]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Flexible hardware architecture of SEFDM transmitters with real-time non-orthogonal adjustment , 2011, 2011 18th International Conference on Telecommunications.

[65]  Andrea Goldsmith,et al.  Wireless Communications , 2005, 2021 15th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS).

[66]  Fuqin Xiong,et al.  M-ary amplitude shift keying OFDM system , 2003, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[67]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  First demonstration of a spectrally efficient FDM radio over fiber system topology for beyond 4G cellular networking , 2015, 2015 20th European Conference on Networks and Optical Communications - (NOC).

[68]  Thorsten Wild,et al.  Waveform contenders for 5G — OFDM vs. FBMC vs. UFMC , 2014, 2014 6th International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing (ISCCSP).

[69]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  A Fast Constrained Sphere Decoder for Ill Conditioned Communication Systems , 2010, IEEE Communications Letters.

[70]  Andreas Burg,et al.  VLSI circuits for MIMO communication systems , 2006 .

[71]  B. Hirosaki,et al.  An Orthogonally Multiplexed QAM System Using the Discrete Fourier Transform , 1981, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[72]  Ryan C Grammenos,et al.  Spectrum optimisation in wireless communication systems : technology evaluation, system design and practical implementation , 2013 .

[73]  S. I. A. Ahmed,et al.  Spectrally efficient FDM communication signals andtransceivers: design, mathematical modelling and system optimization , 2011 .

[74]  Costas N. Georghiades,et al.  Exploiting faster-than-Nyquist signaling , 2003, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[75]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  FPGA design of a truncated SVD based receiver for the detection of SEFDM signals , 2011, 2011 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[76]  Frank Schaich,et al.  5GNOW: non-orthogonal, asynchronous waveforms for future mobile applications , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[77]  Izzat Darwazeh,et al.  Hardware implementation of a practical complexity Spectrally Efficient FDM reconfigurable receiver , 2012, 2012 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - (PIMRC).

[78]  Gerhard P. Fettweis,et al.  The Tactile Internet: Applications and Challenges , 2014, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine.