Microfibers within fibers: A review

Literature relating to the fundamental nature of the fibrous state is reviewed with the goal of illustrating evidence for the existence of a possibly fundamental morphological unit, the elemental microfiber or fibril. Following a short summary of the rather well documented situation in natural fibers, the problem of the microfiber in synthetic fibers is probed in terms of phenomena in solution and bulk polymeric systems. The reviewed literature indicates the existence of unique, elemental microfibers in synthetic fibers is largely tenuous; however, there is wide evidence of the existence of complex elongated structures axially aligned within macrofibers which future work may resolve into a central microfiber. The structural complexity appears to simplify for transformations occurring in high shear fields. This review covers articles through 1971, and it is notable that in 1971 approximately 100 articles of high relevance appeared in major journals.

[1]  A. Peterlin.  Morphology and Properties of Crystalline Polymers with Fiber Structure , 1972 .

[2]  A. Keller,et al.  Some macroscopic properties of stirring-induced crystals of polyethylene , 1972 .

[3]  P. Geil,et al.  Deformation and annealing behavior. III. thin films of polycarbonate, isotactic polymethyl methacrylate, and isotactic polystyrene , 1972 .

[4]  G. Yeh,et al.  Morphology of polyethylene microfibrils and “shish kebabs” , 1972 .

[5]  K. Yamaura,et al.  Stress-induced crystallization of poly(vinyl alcohol) from its aqueous solution under steady-state flow , 1972 .

[6]  H. Brody,et al.  Elastic “hard” fibers. I. , 1971 .

[7]  N. Ogata,et al.  Epitaxial crystallization of polyoxymethylene in the course of polymerization in aqueous solution , 1971 .

[8]  J. Collier,et al.  Processing conditions and properties of semicrystalline polymers, I: Effect of mechanical properties of a chlorinated polyether , 1971 .

[9]  C. Heffelfinger,et al.  X‐ray low‐angle scattering from oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) films , 1971 .

[10]  R. G. Vadimsky,et al.  Intercrystalline Links: Critical Evaluation , 1971 .

[11]  I. R. Harrison,et al.  Halogenation of polyethylene. II. A comparison of single crystals with nascent polymer , 1971 .

[12]  G. Yeh,et al.  Trans-l, 4-Polyisoprene crystallized in the stretched state , 1971 .

[13]  K. Yamaura,et al.  Fractionation of poly(vinyl alcohol) derived from poly(vinyl acetate) from its aqueous solution induced by shearing force-IV , 1971 .

[14]  E. S. Clark,et al.  Effect of Industrial Processing on the Morphology of Crystalline Polymers , 1971 .

[15]  S. Clough.  Melting of drawn polyethylene films , 1971 .

[16]  P. Geil,et al.  Swelling, Deformation, and Retraction of Poly(4-methylpentene-1). II. Mechanical Properties in the Swollen State , 1971 .

[17]  P. Geil,et al.  Deformation and annealing behavior. II. Thick polyethylene terephthalate films , 1971 .

[18]  M. J. Hill,et al.  Further studies on polyethylene crystallized under stress: Morphology, calorimetry, and stress relaxation , 1971 .

[19]  P. Geil,et al.  Swelling, Deformation, and Retraction of Poly(4-methylpentene-1). I. Morphological Observations , 1971 .

[20]  D. Prevorsek,et al.  Chain folding in highly oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) , 1971 .

[21]  R. Prud’homme,et al.  Origin of polyethylene transparency , 1971 .

[22]  A. Scallan.  A Quantitative Picture of the Fringed Micellar Model of Cellulose , 1971 .

[23]  T. Kawai,et al.  Formation of polymer crystals during polymerisation , 1971 .

[24]  R. G. Crystal.  The Crystalline Morphology of Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) , 1971 .

[25]  G. Hinrichsen,et al.  Direct evidence of colloidal structure on drawn polyacrylonitrile , 1971 .

[26]  A. Peterlin,et al.  Molecular model of drawing polyethylene and polypropylene , 1971 .

[27]  A. Pennings,et al.  Hydrodynamically induced crystallization of polymers from solution , 1971 .

[28]  R. Manley.  Molecular morphology of cellulose , 1971 .

[29]  K. Matsumoto,et al.  BIAXIAL DEFORMATION OF SPHERULITE AND MULTI-LAYER STRUCTURE IN THE BIAXIALLY STRETCHED POLYPROPYLENE FILMS , 1971 .

[30]  D. Hansen,et al.  Fibrous Structure Formation in Cold-Drawing of Polyethylene , 1971 .

[31]  A. Heyn.  The microcrystalline structure of regenerated cellulose fibers as studied in negatively stained ultrathin sections , 1971 .

[32]  T. Kawai,et al.  DRAWING MECHANISM OF POLYETHYLENE , 1971 .

[33]  D. Vance,et al.  Additive Edman Degradation to sequence Small Peptides , 1971, Nature.

[34]  Toshisada Takahashi,et al.  Epitaxial Growth of Polyethylene on Drawn Polyoxymethylene , 1971 .

[35]  Yuzo Yamamoto,et al.  The Homogeneous Deformation of Polypropylene Spherulitic Films , 1971 .

[36]  Costas G. Gogos,et al.  CRYSTALLIZATION STUDIES ON DEFORMED POLYBUTENE-1 MELTS. , 1971 .

[37]  L. H. Wagner,et al.  Physical structure of elastic “hard” fibers , 1970 .

[38]  C. R. Desper,et al.  Orientation and Structure of Polyethylene Crystallized under the Orientation and Pressure Effects of a Pressure Capillary Viscometer , 1970 .

[39]  Roger S. Porter,et al.  Polyethylene crystallized under the orientation and pressure of a pressure capillary viscometer. Part I , 1970 .

[40]  C. S. W. B.Sc..  THE FINISHING OF TEXTILE FABRICS , 1970 .

[41]  F. Baltá-calleja,et al.  Plastic deformation of polypropylene. VI. mechanism and properties , 1970 .

[42]  E. S. Clark,et al.  Morphology and deformation behavior of “row-nucleated” polyoxymethylene film , 1970 .

[43]  R. Samuels.  Quantitative structural characterization of the mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene , 1970 .

[44]  Keinosuke Kobayashi,et al.  Crystallization of sheared polymer melts , 1970 .

[45]  R. Manley,et al.  Fibrillar crystals of isotactic polystyrene. I. Morphological aspects , 1970 .

[46]  A. Peterlin,et al.  Morphology of Secondary Wall Fibrils in Cotton , 1970 .

[47]  A. Pennings,et al.  Hydrodynamically induced crystallization of polymers from solution , 1970 .

[48]  A. Pennings,et al.  Hydrodynamically induced crystallization of polymers from solution , 1970 .

[49]  M. Nagano,et al.  Studies on Fibrillation in Polymer Films , 1970 .

[50]  B. Ginzburg,et al.  The effect of stretching on the macromolecular structure of polymer fibres , 1970 .

[51]  M. Frolov.  Some characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol film deformation due to the combined effect of solvent and static stress , 1970 .

[52]  N. Mikhailov,et al.  Electron-microscopic technique for cellulose hydrate fibres , 1970 .

[53]  M. M. Iovleva,et al.  Dependence of the structure of viscose films on the manufacturing conditions , 1970 .

[54]  D. Tsvankin,et al.  Structural changes in uniaxial compression of polyethylene , 1970 .

[55]  Y. Lipatov,et al.  The crystalline structure and uniaxial deformation of spherulites in thin films of a linear polyurethane , 1970 .

[56]  V. A. Berestnev,et al.  Structural and morphological changes in polyethyleneterephthalate during deformation , 1970 .

[57]  V. Smirnov,et al.  Electron-microscopical and electron diffraction study of the deformation of thin films of spherulitic polyvinylidenefluoride☆ , 1970 .

[58]  V. S. Kuksenko,et al.  Estimation of the cross-sectional dimensions of fibril-like structural elements in oriented polymers , 1970 .

[59]  Douglas Poland,et al.  Theory of helix-coil transitions in biopolymers , 1970 .

[60]  H. Scheraga,et al.  Theory of helix-coil transitions in biopolymers : statistical mechanical theory of order-disorder transitions in biological macromolecules , 1970 .

[61]  R. Hosemann,et al.  Kernresonanzuntersuchungen an verstrecktem und getempertem linearem Polyäthylen , 1969 .

[62]  R. Hosemann,et al.  Röntgenkleinwinkel- und Dichtemessungen an verstrecktem und getempertem linearem Polyäthylen , 1969 .

[63]  M. Kakudo,et al.  CHANGES IN THE INTERNAL FINE STRUCTURE OF SILK FIBROIN BY DRAWING , 1969 .

[64]  F. Baltá-calleja,et al.  Plastic Deformation of Polypropylene. III. Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering in the Neck Region , 1969 .

[65]  T. W. Haas,et al.  Effects of shear stress on the crystallization of linear polyethylene and polybutene‐1 , 1969 .

[66]  T. Amano,et al.  On the formation of lamellae during annealing of extended chain crystals of radiation-polymerized trioxane , 1969 .

[67]  A. Keller.  Solution grown polymer crystals , 1969 .

[68]  L. Alexander,et al.  X-ray diffraction methods in polymer science , 1969 .

[69]  J. Sauer,et al.  Deformation of polypropylene single crystals , 1969 .

[70]  M. J. Hill,et al.  Direct evidence for distinctive, stress-induced nucleus crystals in the crystallization of oriented polymer melts , 1969 .

[71]  T. Kawai,et al.  A comment on polyethylene crystals grown from flowing solutions , 1969 .

[72]  Hiroshi Sato,et al.  Deformation of Poly (ethylene terephthalate) Spherulites , 1969 .

[73]  V. Kargin,et al.  Effect of orientation on structural changes in gelatin over a wide range of temperature , 1969 .

[74]  V. Kargin,et al.  Features of structural transitions in gelatin over a wide range of temperatures , 1969 .

[75]  O. G. Tarakanov,et al.  Structural study of triacetate fibre , 1969 .

[76]  V. G. Baranov,et al.  Features of the spherulites arising in uniaxially drawn streams of melted isotactic polypropylene , 1969 .

[77]  V. Tsvetkov.  Orientational order at intra- and supermolecular levels in mesomorphic liquids and polymers☆☆☆ , 1969 .

[78]  J. V. Dawkins.  Characterization of macromolecular structure: Publication 1573, National Academy of Sciences: Washington, D.C., 1968. 6 in. × 9 in. ix+410 pp. $15.00 , 1969 .

[79]  H. R. Billica,et al.  Morphology of man‐made fibers , 1968 .

[80]  R. Manley,et al.  The morphology of fibrillar polyethylene crystals , 1968 .

[81]  P. Geil,et al.  Morphology of quenched polypropylene , 1968 .

[82]  R. G. Crystal,et al.  Morphology of cold-drawn nylon 66. , 1968 .

[83]  G. Yeh,et al.  Morphology of cold-drawn polyethylene , 1968 .

[84]  T. Kawai,et al.  Crystallization of polyethylene in steady-state flow , 1968 .

[85]  L. Nadareishvili,et al.  Neck formation mechanism in oriented polyethylene , 1968 .

[86]  W. Crewther.  Symposium on Fibrous Proteins, Australia 1967 , 1968 .

[87]  R. B. Williamson,et al.  Intercluster Links—A Mechanism for Flow‐Induced Crystallization of Polymer Melts , 1967 .

[88]  P. Geil,et al.  Polytetrafluoroethylene Fibril Structure , 1967 .

[89]  R. C. Novak,et al.  Fibrous/lamellar microstructure in polyethylene , 1967 .

[90]  O. Ishizuka,et al.  Some Properties of Polypropylene-Polyethylene Blended Fibers , 1967 .

[91]  A. Engström,et al.  Engström-Finean biological ultra-structure , 1967 .

[92]  J. Colvin.  Tip-growth of bacterial cellulose microfibrils and its relation to the crystallographic fine structure of cellulose. , 1966, Journal of polymer science. Part B: Polymer letters.

[93]  A. Keller,et al.  Polymer deformation in terms of spherulites , 1965 .

[94]  R. Manley.  Fine Structure of Native Cellulose Microfibrils , 1964, Nature.

[95]  V. Kargin,et al.  Reversibility of deformation in the stretching of polypropylene spherulites , 1964 .

[96]  J. Colvin.  THE SIZE OF THE CELLULOSE MICROFIBRIL , 1963, The Journal of cell biology.

[97]  J. Sikorski.  CHAPTER 8 – THE FINE STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL AND MAN-MADE FIBRES , 1963 .

[98]  R. Hosemann,et al.  Crystalline and Paracrystalline Order in High Polymers , 1963 .

[99]  F. Traina,et al.  EUROPE ATTACKS SICILIAN SULFUR CRISIS , 1962 .

[100]  H. Wyckoff.  X‐ray and related studies of quenched, drawn, and annealed polypropylene , 1962 .

[101]  O. K. Spurr,et al.  Stress crazing of some amorphous thermoplastics , 1962 .

[102]  P. Flory.  On the Morphology of the Crystalline State in Polymers , 1962 .

[103]  V. F. Holland,et al.  Characterization of Acrylic Fiber Structure , 1962 .

[104]  R. Hosemann.  Crystallinity in high polymers, especially fibres , 1962 .

[105]  R. Stein,et al.  Growth of Crystals from Molten Crosslinked Oriented Polyethylene , 1961 .

[106]  Jie Yang,et al.  Some hydrodynamic properties of ramie crystallites in phosphate buffer , 1961 .

[107]  M. Beer,et al.  The formation of cellulose microfibrils in suspensions of Acetobacter xylinum. , 1960, Canadian journal of microbiology.

[108]  A. B. Thompson.  Strain‐induced crystallization in polyethylene terephthalate , 1959 .

[109]  J. Hearle,et al.  A fringed fibril theory of structure in crystalline polymers , 1958 .

[110]  A. Keller.  A note on single crystals in polymers: Evidence for a folded chain configuration , 1957 .

[111]  A. N. J. Heyn,et al.  Small Particle X‐Ray Scattering by Fibers. II. Radial Distribution of Microcrystallites , 1955 .

[112]  A. Heyn.  Small Particle X‐Ray Scattering by Fibers, Size and Shape of Microcrystallites , 1955 .

[113]  A. Keller.  Unusual orientation phenomena in polyethylene interpreted in terms of the morphology , 1955 .

[114]  A. Gent,et al.  Crystallization and the relaxation of stress in stretched natural rubber vulcanizates , 1954 .

[115]  E. Ribi.  Submicroscopic Structure of Fibres and their Formation , 1951, Nature.

[116]  C. Saylor,et al.  Optical and dimensional changes which accompany the freezing and melting of Hevea rubber , 1938 .

[117]  R. Preston.  The Organization of the Cell Wall of the Conifer Tracheid , 1934 .

[118]  J. R. Katz,et al.  Ist Rohkautschuk teilweise kristallisiert , 1925 .