Current Status of the Toxicology of Diesel Engine Exhaust — and the ACES Project

SummaryA clear understanding of the health risks of DE has been elusive, because exposures of the workers and general populations studied epidemiologically have not been accurately measured. Experimental exposures of humans and animals can be measured and these have suggested potential health hazards, but results of experimental exposures have been difficult to place in a realistic human exposure context. Experimental human exposures must be of only short duration and relatively high concentrations of DE have been necessary to produce short-term effects. Short-term and long-term animal studies have been conducted and significant progressive health effects have been produced at extreme exposure concentrations, but it is difficult to translate those results into risk factors for humans with acceptable confidence. Diesel technologies have advanced markedly over the past few decades, and emissions have been reduced and altered in composition. No published epidemiological or toxicological study has used exhaust produced by recent diesel technologies. The ACES program in the United States was created to conduct animal studies of the potential health hazards of recent technology diesel exhaust. Rats and mice are exposed to different dilutions of exhaust from a heavy-duty engine meeting the 2007 on-road emission standards and operated on a variable-duty cycle. The study is underway and early results will be available in early 2011. Final results from the long-term study of the hazards of cancer and progressive non-cancer disease will be available in late 2013.ZusammenfassungNach wie vor gibt es kein einheitliches oder überzeugendes Verständnis zu den gesundheitlichen Risiken von Dieselmotoremissionen, da keine der epidemiologischen Untersuchungen bei beruflichen Belastungen wie auch in der Allgemeinbevölkerung exakte Expositionsmessdaten erhoben hat. Experimentelle Studien mit Menschen und Tieren in kontrollierten Expositionssituationen weisen zwar auf mögliche Gesundheitsrisiken hin, die Ergebnisse dieser Studien sind jedoch oft nur schwer auf die menschlichen Expositionsgegebenheiten übertragbar. Mit menschlichen Probanden sind nur Kurzzeitstudien durchführbar und dabei werden relativ hohe Dieselemissionskonzentrationen benötigt, um Effekte zu sehen. Kurz- und Langzeitstudien mit Tieren zeigen ebenso erst bei stark erhöhten Expositionskonzentrationen signifikante Effekte, die allerdings nur eingeschränkt mit ausreichender Sicherheit auf menschliche Bedingungen übertragbar sind.In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich die Dieseltechnologie jedoch erheblich weiterentwickelt und die Emissionen wurden nicht nur quantitativ deutlich reduziert, sondern haben sich auch in der Zusammensetzung qualitativ verändert. Bislang gibt es jedoch keine epidemiologischen oder toxikologischen Studien, die sich mit solchen aktuellen Dieselmotortechnologien auseinandersetzen.Das hier vorgestellte ACES Untersuchungsprogramm in den USA wurde entwickelt, um in Tierversuchen die möglichen Gesundheitseffekte aktueller Dieselmotorabgase zu untersuchen. Ratten und Mäuse werden gegenüber unterschiedlichen Abgas-Verdünnungsstufen aus einem Nutzfahrzeugmotor exponiert, der die 2007 Abgasnorm erfüllt und mit einem realitätsnahen Fahrzyklus auf einem Motorprüfstand betrieben wird. Die Experimente laufen derzeit und erste Ergebnisse werden bereits Anfang 2011 erwartet. Endgültige Ergebnisse aus den Langzeitstudien zu möglichen Krebsrisiken wie auch zu nichtkanzerogenen Effekten werden voraussichtlich im Lauf des Jahres 2013 vorliegen.

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