Physical models of hydrofracturing across material interfaces

We have performed a series of laboratory tests to study the propagation of a hydrofracture into and through an interface between two rock-like materials. The aim of this research is to provide improved diagnostics for stimulating lenticular gas sand reservoirs by interpreting features of the injection pressure-time record caused by interaction of a hydrofracture with a geologic discontinuity. Results will also be used to validate conceptual models of hydrofracture behavior in discontinuous media, such as are embodied in the LLNL FEFFLAP code, a two-dimensional fracture propagation computer program. We prepared test specimens by embedding sandstone tablets (lenses) in blocks of gypsum cement. These blocks were hydrofractured under true triaxial loading conditions, at a constant injection rate. The injection path was designed so that we obtained a single-wing fracture, propagating in a plane perpendicular to the interface. The vertical extent of the fractures was controlled by means of wire mesh screen embedded in the blocks, perpendicular to the injection tube. Growth of the fractures was tracked via extension failure of fine tungsten wires embedded in the gypsum. After testing, we dissected the blocks and recorded the extent of fracturing and fluid penetration. Cross-sections of the fractures indicate that they were ofmore » constant height and propagated through the sandstone tablet. All the fractures showed step-crack behavior upon entering or exiting the sandstone tablet. Pressure-time and fracture tracking data were consistent for all tests. Distinct step increases on the pressure- time record were also noted in all tests, and are related to the interaction of the hydrofracture with the sandstone lens. 16 refs., 19 figs., 4 tabs.« less