The nucleotide sequence of oocyte 5S DNA in xenopus laevis. I. The AT-rich spacer

The primary sequence of the principal spacer region in X. laevis oocyte 5S DNA has been determined. The spacer is AT-rich and comprises half or more of each repeating unit. The sequence is internally repetitious; most of it can be represented by the following set of oligonucleotides: CAACAGTTTTCAAAAGGTTTCGAAGTTTTT(T). The spacer, which varies in length from about 360 to 570 or more nucleotides, can be subdivided into a region (A2) which is variable in length in different repeating units, flanked by regions (A1, A3, B1) which are relatively constant in length. The A2 region consists, on the average, of 5-6 tandem copies of the oligonucleotide CAAAGTTTGAGTTTT; variation in the redundancy of this oligonucleotide accounts for much of the repeat length variation in the genomic 5S DNA. Most copies of this oligonucleotide are identical, although several differing by 1 or 2 nucleotides have been detected in plasmid-cloned 5S DNA fragments. Regions A1 and A3 comprise a linear array of similar, but not identical, oligonucleotides; most repeating units contain very similar A1 and A3 sequences. Region B1 is a sequence of 49 nucleotides immediately adjacent to the 5' terminus of the 5S rRNA sequence. It is GC-rich, much less repetitive than the remainder of the spacer and contains several palindromes, but no regions of dyad symmetry. This sequence is identical in all six of the single cloned repeating units of 5S DNA analyzed.

[1]  L. J. Korn,et al.  Computer analysis of nucleic acid regulatory sequences. , 1977, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  K. Sugimoto,et al.  5 S DNAs of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus mulleri: evolution of a gene family. , 1973, Journal of molecular biology.

[3]  J. Harris,et al.  A thermostable sequence-specific endonuclease from Thermus aquaticus. , 1977, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[4]  W. Rutter,et al.  Nucleotide sequence of the yeast 5S ribosomal RNA gene and adjacent putative control regions , 1977, Nature.

[5]  F. Sanger,et al.  A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. , 1975, Journal of molecular biology.

[6]  N. Fedoroff,et al.  The nucleotide sequence of the repeating unit in the oocyte 5S ribosomal DNA of Xenopus laevis. , 1978, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[7]  G. P. Smith,et al.  Evolution of repeated DNA sequences by unequal crossover. , 1976, Science.

[8]  C. Richardson,et al.  Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid. 8. Hybrids of ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide homopolymers as substrates for polynucleotide ligase of bacteriophage T4. , 1971, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[9]  G. Brownlee,et al.  Sequence studies of the 5 S DNA of Xenopus laevis. , 1974, Journal of molecular biology.

[10]  W. Gilbert,et al.  A new method for sequencing DNA. , 1977, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  G. P. Smith,et al.  Unequal crossover and the evolution of multigene families. , 1974, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[12]  G. Brownlee,et al.  A pseudogene structure in 5S DNA of Xenopus laevis , 1977, Cell.

[13]  P. C. Wensink,et al.  Purification and some characteristics of 5S DNA from Xenopus laevis. , 1971, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  D. Carroll,et al.  Adjacent repeating units of xenopus laevis 5S DNA can be heterogeneous in length , 1976, Cell.

[15]  K. Sugimoto,et al.  The structure and evolution of ribosomal and 5S DNAs in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus mulleri. , 1974, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[16]  W. Gilbert,et al.  Promoter region for yeast 5S ribosomal RNA , 1977, Nature.

[17]  J. Chappell,et al.  A simple method for the preparation of 32P-labelled adenosine triphosphate of high specific activity , 1964 .

[18]  T. Maniatis,et al.  Nucleotide sequence of the rightward operator of phage lambda. , 1975, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[19]  J. Gurdon,et al.  High-fidelity transcription of 5S DNA injected into Xenopus oocytes. , 1977, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  N. Fedoroff,et al.  The nucleotide sequence of oocyte 5S DNA in Xenopus laevis. II. The GC-rich region , 1978, Cell.

[21]  D. Carroll,et al.  Repeating units of xenopus laevis oocyte-type 5S DNA are heterogeneous in length , 1976, Cell.

[22]  H. Khorana,et al.  Physical characterization and simultaneous purification of bacteriophage T4 induced polynucleotide kinase, polynucleotide ligase, and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase. , 1973, Biochemistry.

[23]  C. Richardson,et al.  Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid. V. End group labeling and analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid containing single straned breaks. , 1968, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[24]  D. Hogness,et al.  Colony hybridization: a method for the isolation of cloned DNAs that contain a specific gene. , 1975, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  A. Kornberg,et al.  Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. XXV. Purification and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase induced by infection with phage T4. , 1968, The Journal of biological chemistry.