Photonic Band Structures of Two-Dimensional Dielectric Media

When a quantum or a classical wave propagates in a periodic structure in any number of spatial dimensions, the dispersion curves that relate the frequencies of the wave to the wave vector characterizing its propagation possess an infinite number of branches. These branches form bands that are separated by frequency gaps at points of symmetry in the corresponding Brillouin zones. In some cases an absolute gap occurs, viz. a frequency range in which no waves can propagate that exists for all values of the wave vector in the Brillouin zone, and gives rise to a gap in the density of states of the waves propagating through these structures.

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