Modélisation par éléments finis de la face humaine en vue de la simulation de sa réponse au choc

Les traumatismes subis a la face lors d'accidents sur la voie publique, d'activites sportives ou bien de rixes ne nuisent generalement pas a la survie de l'individu mais peuvent requerir des soins couteux et laisser des sequelles esthetiques importantes. Par ailleurs, la face joue un role protecteur du contenu intracrânien et sa reponse au choc conditionne les sollicitations appliquees a celui-ci. En vue de predire precisemment les risques de blessures de la face et du contenu intracrânien, l'objectif de cette these est de developper un modele en elements finis de la structure osseuse de la face et du crâne pour la simulation de sa reponse au choc. Une premiere partie du travail a consiste a construire le maillage d'une structure osseuse cranio-faciale a partir de coupes scanner de tete. Le choix d'un maillage en elements de type plaque, de densite suffisante pour representer fidelement la geometrie complexe de cette structure osseuse et d'epaisseur variable, a ete fait. L'hypothese d'un materiau osseux homogene et isotrope a ete choisie pour l'ensemble de la structure cranio-faciale. Des essais de flexion statique sur des echantillons d'os crânien, associes a leur simulation numerique et une methode d'identification, ont permis de definir les proprietes elasto-plastiques de ce materiau. Les resultats se situent correctement par rapport aux intervalles de valeurs de la litterature. La reponse du modele cranio-faciale a ete validee sous sollicitations statiques. Pour cela des essais specifiques de compression de la face ont ete realises sur piece anatomique. Les courbes globales effort-deplacement experimentale et numerique ont ete comparees pour "calibrer" les proprietes du materiau. La reponse du modele a ensuite ete validee par comparaison du champ de deplacement mesure experimentalement par une methode de correlation d'images a celui obtenu par simulation. Le modele ainsi valide en statique a ete evalue sous sollicitations dynamiques. Sa reponse au choc a ete comparee aux resultats d'un impact sur la face realise specifiquement. La reponse au choc globale du modele est similaire a celle enregistree experimentalement. Plusieurs perspectives d'exploitation de ce modele sont envisageables dans le domaine du choc ou celui de la chirurgie. En particulier, il aidera a definir des criteres de blessures de la tete en cas de choc sur la face.

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