Biological applications of gold nanoparticles.

This critical review gives a short overview of the widespread use of gold nanoparticles in biology. We have identified four classes of applications in which gold nanoparticles have been used so far: labelling, delivering, heating, and sensing. For each of these applications the underlying mechanisms and concepts, the specific features of the gold nanoparticles needed for this application, as well as several examples are described (142 references).

[1]  R. Murray,et al.  Near-IR luminescence of monolayer-protected metal clusters. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[2]  A. Libchaber,et al.  Single-mismatch detection using gold-quenched fluorescent oligonucleotides , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[3]  J. Köhler,et al.  Chip-based optical detection of DNA hybridization by means of nanobead labeling. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  W. Faulk,et al.  Communication to the editors: An immunocolloid method for the electron microscope , 1971 .

[5]  Anjan Kr Dasgupta,et al.  Cell selective response to gold nanoparticles. , 2007, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

[6]  Jesus M de la Fuente,et al.  Tat peptide as an efficient molecule to translocate gold nanoparticles into the cell nucleus. , 2005, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[7]  R. E. Gosselin.  THE UPTAKE OF RADIOCOLLOIDS BY MACROPHAGES IN VITRO , 1956, The Journal of general physiology.

[8]  M. De Brabander,et al.  Visualization of microtubules in interphase and mitotic plant cells of Haemanthus endosperm with the immuno-gold staining method. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[9]  K. Hamad-Schifferli,et al.  Remote electronic control of DNA hybridization through inductive coupling to an attached metal nanocrystal antenna , 2002, Nature.

[10]  Xiaogang Peng,et al.  Single-phase and gram-scale routes toward nearly monodisperse Au and other noble metal nanocrystals. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[11]  G. Albrecht-Buehler,et al.  Phagokinetic tracks of 3T3 cells: Parallels between the orientation of track segments and of cellular structures which contain actin or tubulin , 1977, Cell.

[12]  Akihiro Kusumi,et al.  Paradigm shift of the plasma membrane concept from the two-dimensional continuum fluid to the partitioned fluid: high-speed single-molecule tracking of membrane molecules. , 2005, Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structure.

[13]  Chad A. Mirkin,et al.  Oligonucleotide-Modified Gold Nanoparticles for Intracellular Gene Regulation , 2006, Science.

[14]  Y. Wang,et al.  Single particle tracking of surface receptor movement during cell division , 1994, The Journal of cell biology.

[15]  N. Yang,et al.  In vivo and in vitro gene transfer to mammalian somatic cells by particle bombardment. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[16]  J. Hillier,et al.  A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold , 1951 .

[17]  T. Mihaljevic,et al.  Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[18]  W. Köller,et al.  Biolistic transformation of conidia of Botryotinia fuckeliana , 1994, Current Genetics.

[19]  B. Jasani,et al.  Silver development in microscopy and bioanalysis: past and present , 1998, The Journal of pathology.

[20]  Vincent M Rotello,et al.  Gold nanoparticles in delivery applications. , 2008, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[21]  Warren C W Chan,et al.  Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. , 2007, Nano letters.

[22]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Gold nanoparticle ensembles as heaters and actuators: melting and collective plasmon resonances , 2006, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[23]  Itamar Willner,et al.  "Plugging into Enzymes": Nanowiring of Redox Enzymes by a Gold Nanoparticle , 2003, Science.

[24]  Naomi J Halas,et al.  Immunonanoshells for targeted photothermal ablation of tumor cells , 2006, International journal of nanomedicine.

[25]  Zhenxin Wang,et al.  The peptide route to multifunctional gold nanoparticles. , 2005, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[26]  Juewen Liu,et al.  Colorimetric Cu2+ detection with a ligation DNAzyme and nanoparticles. , 2007, Chemical communications.

[27]  C. Mirkin,et al.  A fluorescence-based method for determining the surface coverage and hybridization efficiency of thiol-capped oligonucleotides bound to gold thin films and nanoparticles. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[28]  Steven R. Emory,et al.  Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering , 1997, Science.

[29]  Arezou A Ghazani,et al.  Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. , 2006, Nano letters.

[30]  G. A. Blab,et al.  Optical readout of gold nanoparticle-based DNA microarrays without silver enhancement. , 2006, Biophysical journal.

[31]  Shuming Nie,et al.  Efficient Raman enhancement and intermittent light emission observed in single gold nanocrystals , 1999 .

[32]  A Paul Alivisatos,et al.  Gold nanorods as novel nonbleaching plasmon-based orientation sensors for polarized single-particle microscopy. , 2005, Nano letters.

[33]  A. Campion,et al.  Surface-enhanced Raman scattering , 1998 .

[34]  Arben Merkoçi,et al.  Electrochemical Sensing of DNA Using Gold Nanoparticles , 2007 .

[35]  T. Klar,et al.  Biomolecular Recognition Based on Single Gold Nanoparticle Light Scattering , 2003 .

[36]  C. Murphy,et al.  Gold nanoparticles are taken up by human cells but do not cause acute cytotoxicity. , 2005, Small.

[37]  Xunbin Wei,et al.  Selective cell targeting with light-absorbing microparticles and nanoparticles. , 2003, Biophysical journal.

[38]  Prashant K. Jain,et al.  Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) using gold nanoparticles , 2008, Lasers in Medical Science.

[39]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Nanoparticles with Raman spectroscopic fingerprints for DNA and RNA detection. , 2002, Science.

[40]  Byron Ballou,et al.  Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice. , 2004, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[41]  Yingfu Li,et al.  DNA aptamer folding on gold nanoparticles: from colloid chemistry to biosensors. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[42]  R. P. Andres,et al.  Synthesis and grafting of thioctic acid-PEG-folate conjugates onto Au nanoparticles for selective targeting of folate receptor-positive tumor cells. , 2006, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[43]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Photoinduced Conversion of Silver Nanospheres to Nanoprisms , 2001, Science.

[44]  R. Murray,et al.  Monolayer-protected cluster molecules. , 2000, Accounts of chemical research.

[45]  Jinhan Cho,et al.  Nanostructured Electrochemical Sensor Based on Dense Gold Nanoparticle Films , 2003 .

[46]  Stanislav Emelianov,et al.  Molecular specific optoacoustic imaging with plasmonic nanoparticles. , 2007, Optics express.

[47]  Jess P. Wilcoxon,et al.  Photoluminescence from nanosize gold clusters , 1998 .

[48]  Matthew Cotten,et al.  Delivery of drugs, proteins and genes into cells using transferrin as a ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis , 1994 .

[49]  J. Storhoff,et al.  Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles. , 1997, Science.

[50]  Wadih Arap,et al.  Networks of gold nanoparticles and bacteriophage as biological sensors and cell-targeting agents , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[51]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Nanoparticle‐Based Electrochemical Bioassays of Proteins , 2007 .

[52]  Chad A Mirkin,et al.  Bio-bar-code-based DNA detection with PCR-like sensitivity. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[53]  M. Moeremans,et al.  Sensitive visualization of antigen-antibody reactions in dot and blot immune overlay assays with immunogold and immunogold/silver staining. , 1984, Journal of immunological methods.

[54]  Hui Zhang,et al.  Immuno gold nanocages with tailored optical properties for targeted photothermal destruction of cancer cells. , 2007, Nano letters.

[55]  Jürgen Roth,et al.  The silver anniversary of gold: 25 years of the colloidal gold marker system for immunocytochemistry and histochemistry , 1996, Histochemistry and Cell Biology.

[56]  C. Bárcena,et al.  APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES IN BIOMEDICINE , 2003 .

[57]  Huangxian Ju,et al.  Hydrogen peroxide sensor based on horseradish peroxidase-labeled Au colloids immobilized on gold electrode surface by cysteamine monolayer , 1999 .

[58]  G. Schmid.  The relevance of shape and size of Au55 clusters. , 2008, Chemical Society reviews.

[59]  T. Klar,et al.  Gold nanostoves for microsecond DNA melting analysis. , 2008, Nano letters.

[60]  Ji-Xin Cheng,et al.  Hyperthermic effects of gold nanorods on tumor cells. , 2007, Nanomedicine.

[61]  Yanli Liu,et al.  Cellular trajectories of peptide-modified gold particle complexes: comparison of nuclear localization signals and peptide transduction domains. , 2004, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[62]  Rebecca Richards-Kortum,et al.  Plasmonic nanosensors for imaging intracellular biomarkers in live cells. , 2007, Nano letters.

[63]  Mathias Brust,et al.  Synthesis of thiol-derivatised gold nanoparticles in a two-phase liquid-liquid system , 1994 .

[64]  W. Brandau,et al.  Cellular uptake and toxicity of Au55 clusters. , 2005, Small.

[65]  J. Storhoff,et al.  A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials , 1996, Nature.

[66]  Enzymatic DNA processing on gold nanoparticles , 2004 .

[67]  J. Lakowicz.  Plasmonics in Biology and Plasmon-Controlled Fluorescence , 2006, Plasmonics.

[68]  J F Hainfeld,et al.  Gold nanoparticles: a new X-ray contrast agent. , 2006, The British journal of radiology.

[69]  Da-Ren Chen,et al.  A Novel Approach for Introducing Bio-Materials Into Cells , 2000 .

[70]  Sabine Neuss,et al.  Size-dependent cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles. , 2007, Small.

[71]  Xin Sheng Zhao,et al.  Aptamer biosensor for protein detection using gold nanoparticles. , 2008, Analytical biochemistry.

[72]  Wolfgang J Parak,et al.  Laser-induced release of encapsulated materials inside living cells. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[73]  Tim Liedl,et al.  On the development of colloidal nanoparticles towards multifunctional structures and their possible use for biological applications. , 2004, Small.

[74]  Vincent M Rotello,et al.  Toxicity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with cationic and anionic side chains. , 2004, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[75]  Carsten Sönnichsen,et al.  A molecular ruler based on plasmon coupling of single gold and silver nanoparticles , 2005, Nature Biotechnology.

[76]  R Richards-Kortum,et al.  Optical Systems for in Vivo Molecular Imaging of Cancer , 2003, Technology in cancer research & treatment.

[77]  P. Jain,et al.  Au nanoparticles target cancer , 2007 .

[78]  D. Gonsalves,et al.  Biolistic transformation of chrysanthemum with the nucleocapsid gene of tomato spotted wilt virus , 1995, Plant Cell Reports.

[79]  Hongzhe Sun,et al.  Transferrin-mediated gold nanoparticle cellular uptake. , 2005, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[80]  M. Porter,et al.  Immunoassay readout method using extrinsic Raman labels adsorbed on immunogold colloids. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[81]  Brahim Lounis,et al.  Photothermal Imaging of Nanometer-Sized Metal Particles Among Scatterers , 2002, Science.

[82]  M. Sullivan,et al.  Development of a novel gene delivery scaffold utilizing colloidal gold–polyethylenimine conjugates for DNA condensation , 2003, Gene Therapy.

[83]  Dakrong Pissuwan,et al.  Therapeutic possibilities of plasmonically heated gold nanoparticles. , 2006, Trends in biotechnology.

[84]  Philippe Rostaing,et al.  Diffusion Dynamics of Glycine Receptors Revealed by Single-Quantum Dot Tracking , 2003, Science.

[85]  Sangjin Park,et al.  Antibiofouling polymer-coated gold nanoparticles as a contrast agent for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging. , 2007 .

[86]  Antonio Turiel,et al.  Nanoparticle-mediated local and remote manipulation of protein aggregation. , 2006, Nano letters.

[87]  W. Kaiser,et al.  Application of magnetite ferrofluids for hyperthermia , 1999 .

[88]  K. Kneipp,et al.  Two-photon vibrational spectroscopy for biosciences based on surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[89]  G. Albrecht-Buehler,et al.  The angular distribution of directional changes of guided 3T3 cells , 1979, The Journal of cell biology.

[90]  Vincent M Rotello,et al.  Light-regulated release of DNA and its delivery to nuclei by means of photolabile gold nanoparticles. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[91]  Prashant K. Jain,et al.  Determination of the Minimum Temperature Required for Selective Photothermal Destruction of Cancer Cells with the Use of Immunotargeted Gold Nanoparticles , 2006, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[92]  K. Leong,et al.  Multifunctional nanorods for gene delivery , 2003, Nature materials.

[93]  K. Kneipp,et al.  Surface-enhanced Raman scattering in local optical fields of silver and gold nanoaggregates-from single-molecule Raman spectroscopy to ultrasensitive probing in live cells. , 2006, Accounts of chemical research.

[94]  Paul Mulvaney,et al.  Gold nanorods: Synthesis, characterization and applications , 2005 .

[95]  Wolfgang J. Parak,et al.  Electrophoretic Separation of Nanoparticles with a Discrete Number of Functional Groups , 2006 .

[96]  Q. Pankhurst,et al.  Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine , 2003 .

[97]  P. Jain,et al.  Plasmon coupling in nanorod assemblies: optical absorption, discrete dipole approximation simulation, and exciton-coupling model. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[98]  Daniel Choquet,et al.  Ligand binding regulates the directed movement of β1 integrins on fibroblasts , 1996, Nature.

[99]  S. Dowdy,et al.  Influence of protein transduction domains on intracellular delivery of macromolecules , 2006, Expert opinion on drug delivery.

[100]  M. Fleischmann,et al.  Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode , 1974 .

[101]  G. Albrecht-Buehler,et al.  The phagokinetic tracks of 3T3 cells , 1977, Cell.

[102]  D. Reinhoudt,et al.  Fluorescence quenching of dye molecules near gold nanoparticles: radiative and nonradiative effects. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[103]  K. Schaumburg,et al.  Thioalkylated tetraethylene glycol: a new ligand for water soluble monolayer protected gold clusters. , 2002, Chemical communications.

[104]  Abraham Ulman,et al.  Adverse effects of citrate/gold nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts. , 2006, Small.

[105]  J. Kimling,et al.  Turkevich method for gold nanoparticle synthesis revisited. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[106]  Jennifer Sturgis,et al.  A cellular Trojan Horse for delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles into tumors. , 2007, Nano letters.

[107]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Electrical contacting of redox proteins by nanotechnological means. , 2006, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[108]  Ralph Weissleder,et al.  Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[109]  Benno Radt,et al.  Light-responsive polyelectrolyte/gold nanoparticle microcapsules. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[110]  R. Shukla,et al.  Biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles and their endocytotic fate inside the cellular compartment: a microscopic overview. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[111]  Eunkeu Oh,et al.  Inhibition assay of biomolecules based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[112]  Aibing Yu,et al.  Inorganic nanoparticles as carriers for efficient cellular delivery , 2006 .

[113]  Zhenxin Wang,et al.  Kinase-catalyzed modification of gold nanoparticles: a new approach to colorimetric kinase activity screening. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[114]  Paul Mulvaney,et al.  Synthesis of Nanosized Gold−Silica Core−Shell Particles , 1996 .

[115]  Christine M. Micheel,et al.  Electrophoretic Isolation of Discrete Au Nanocrystal/DNA Conjugates , 2001 .

[116]  H. Yoshiji,et al.  Particle-mediated gene transfer into murine livers using a newly developed gene gun , 2000, Gene Therapy.

[117]  A. Alivisatos,et al.  Gel Electrophoresis of Gold-DNA Nanoconjugates , 2008, Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology.

[118]  Colin L. Raston,et al.  Green chemistry and the health implications of nanoparticles , 2006 .

[119]  G. Darbha,et al.  Gold Nanoparticle Based FRET for DNA Detection , 2007 .

[120]  Dieter Braun,et al.  The role of metal nanoparticles in remote release of encapsulated materials. , 2005, Nano letters.

[121]  T. Klar,et al.  Gold nanoparticles quench fluorescence by phase induced radiative rate suppression. , 2005, Nano letters.

[122]  Tim Liedl,et al.  Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles. , 2005, Nano letters.

[123]  J. Hainfeld,et al.  The use of gold nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in mice. , 2004, Physics in medicine and biology.

[124]  Ralph Weissleder,et al.  Transport Of Surface‐Modified Nanoparticles Through Cell Monolayers , 2005, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[125]  G. A. Blab,et al.  Single nanoparticle photothermal tracking (SNaPT) of 5-nm gold beads in live cells. , 2006, Biophysical journal.

[126]  A. L. Crumbliss,et al.  Direct electron transfer at horseradish peroxidase—colloidal gold modified electrodes , 1992 .

[127]  D. Choquet,et al.  Single metallic nanoparticle imaging for protein detection in cells , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[128]  A. Bernad,et al.  Gold Glyconanoparticles as New Tools in Antiadhesive Therapy , 2004, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[129]  A Paul Alivisatos,et al.  Quantum-dot-based cell motility assay. , 2003, Science's STKE : signal transduction knowledge environment.

[130]  D. Fernig,et al.  A Generic Approach to Monofunctionalized Protein‐Like Gold Nanoparticles Based on Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography , 2006, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[131]  Wolfgang Fritzsche,et al.  Metal nanoparticle-based detection for DNA analysis. , 2007, Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.

[132]  Zhenxin Wang,et al.  Microarray-based detection of protein binding and functionality by gold nanoparticle probes. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[133]  P. Jain,et al.  Gold nanoparticles: interesting optical properties and recent applications in cancer diagnostics and therapy. , 2007, Nanomedicine.