The tale of RNA G-quadruplex.

G-quadruplexes are non-canonical secondary structures found in guanine rich regions of DNA and RNA. Reports have indicated the wide occurrence of RNA G-quadruplexes across the transcriptome in various regions of mRNAs and non-coding RNAs. RNA G-quadruplexes have been implicated in playing an important role in translational regulation, mRNA processing events and maintenance of chromosomal end integrity. In this review, we summarize the structural and functional aspects of RNA G-quadruplexes with emphasis on recent progress to understand the protein/trans factors binding these motifs. With the revelation of the importance of these secondary structures as regulatory modules in biology, we have also evaluated the various advancements towards targeting these structures and the challenges associated with them. Apart from this, numerous potential applications of this secondary motif have also been discussed.

[1]  S. Crooke.  Progress in antisense technology. , 2004, Annual review of medicine.

[2]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  A sequence-independent analysis of the loop length dependence of intramolecular RNA G-quadruplex stability and topology. , 2011, Biochemistry.

[3]  Gary N Parkinson,et al.  The application of DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes to therapeutic medicines. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[4]  J W Szostak,et al.  RNA aptamers that bind flavin and nicotinamide redox cofactors. , 1995, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[5]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  Selection of zinc fingers that bind single-stranded telomeric DNA in the G-quadruplex conformation. , 2001, Biochemistry.

[6]  W. Gilbert,et al.  A Yeast Gene Product, G4p2, with a Specific Affinity for Quadruplex Nucleic Acids (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[7]  J. Darnell,et al.  Microarray Identification of FMRP-Associated Brain mRNAs and Altered mRNA Translational Profiles in Fragile X Syndrome , 2001, Cell.

[8]  J. Chaires,et al.  Thermal difference spectra: a specific signature for nucleic acid structures , 2005, Nucleic acids research.

[9]  C. Hodgman,et al.  Repression of translation of human estrogen receptor alpha by G-quadruplex formation. , 2009, Biochemistry.

[10]  Konstantinos J. Mavrakis,et al.  RNA G-quadruplexes cause eIF4A-dependent oncogene translation in cancer , 2014, Nature.

[11]  Y. Nagamine,et al.  G4 Resolvase 1 Binds Both DNA and RNA Tetramolecular Quadruplex with High Affinity and Is the Major Source of Tetramolecular Quadruplex G4-DNA and G4-RNA Resolving Activity in HeLa Cell Lysates* , 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[12]  S. Vagner,et al.  Essential role for the interaction between hnRNP H/F and a G quadruplex in maintaining p53 pre-mRNA 3'-end processing and function during DNA damage. , 2011, Genes & development.

[13]  J. Stetefeld,et al.  The RNA helicase RHAU (DHX36) unwinds a G4-quadruplex in human telomerase RNA and promotes the formation of the P1 helix template boundary , 2012, Nucleic acids research.

[14]  M. Komiyama,et al.  Telomeric repeat-containing RNA structure in living cells , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[15]  L. Petraccone.  Higher-order quadruplex structures. , 2013, Topics in current chemistry.

[16]  S. Maiti,et al.  Differential biophysical behavior of human telomeric RNA and DNA quadruplex. , 2009, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[17]  Julian Leon Huppert,et al.  G-quadruplexes: the beginning and end of UTRs , 2008, Nucleic acids research.

[18]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  Small molecule-mediated inhibition of translation by targeting a native RNA G-quadruplex. , 2010, Organic & biomolecular chemistry.

[19]  S. Cogoi,et al.  Photoactivated cationic alkyl-substituted porphyrin binding to g4-RNA in the 5'-UTR of KRAS oncogene represses translation. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[20]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  Inhibition of human telomerase activity by an engineered zinc finger protein that binds G-quadruplexes. , 2004, Biochemistry.

[21]  G. Parkinson,et al.  A crystallographic and modelling study of a human telomeric RNA (TERRA) quadruplex , 2010, Nucleic acids research.

[22]  Friedrich C Simmel,et al.  Nucleic acid based molecular devices. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[23]  J. Darnell,et al.  Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Targets G Quartet mRNAs Important for Neuronal Function , 2001, Cell.

[24]  Paul J Hergenrother,et al.  Targeting RNA with small molecules. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[25]  E. Novellino,et al.  State-of-the-art methodologies for the discovery and characterization of DNA G-quadruplex binders. , 2012, Current pharmaceutical design.

[26]  A. Ferré-D’Amaré,et al.  Structural basis for activity of highly efficient RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein , 2014, Nature Structural &Molecular Biology.

[27]  Oleg Kikin,et al.  GRSDB2 and GRS_UTRdb: databases of quadruplex forming G-rich sequences in pre-mRNAs and mRNAs , 2007, Nucleic Acids Res..

[28]  J. Stetefeld,et al.  The RNA helicase RHAU (DHX36) suppresses expression of the transcription factor PITX1 , 2013, Nucleic acids research.

[29]  J. Mandel,et al.  The G-quartet containing FMRP binding site in FMR1 mRNA is a potent exonic splicing enhancer , 2008, Nucleic acids research.

[30]  M. Katahira,et al.  A COMPARISON OF THE PROPERTIES AND THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE FOR RNA AND DNA QUADRUPLEXES WHICH CONTAIN TWO GGAGG SEQUENCES JOINED WITH A TETRANUCLEOTIDE LINKER , 2002, Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids.

[31]  Patrick G. Shaw,et al.  C9orf72 Nucleotide Repeat Structures Initiate Molecular Cascades of Disease , 2014, Nature.

[32]  Yalin Tang,et al.  Research progress of RNA quadruplex. , 2011, Nucleic acid therapeutics.

[33]  M. Zacharias,et al.  Serum-stable RNA aptamers to an invariant surface domain of live African trypanosomes. , 2006, Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening.

[34]  J. Novotná,et al.  A twice-as-smart synthetic G-quartet: PyroTASQ is both a smart quadruplex ligand and a smart fluorescent probe. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[35]  Zhijian Li,et al.  The Rat1p 5' to 3' exonuclease degrades telomeric repeat-containing RNA and promotes telomere elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 2008, Molecules and Cells.

[36]  Carlos González,et al.  Discovery of selective ligands for telomeric RNA G-quadruplexes (TERRA) through 19F-NMR based fragment screening. , 2014, ACS chemical biology.

[37]  Hui Zhou,et al.  Translational repression of cyclin D3 by a stable G-quadruplex in its 5′ UTR: implications for cell cycle regulation , 2012, RNA biology.

[38]  G. Parkinson,et al.  Structural basis of telomeric RNA quadruplex--acridine ligand recognition. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[39]  S. Ceman,et al.  Arginines of the RGG box regulate FMRP association with polyribosomes and mRNA. , 2010, Human molecular genetics.

[40]  J. Derisi,et al.  Cis-acting determinants of asymmetric, cytoplasmic RNA transport. , 2007, RNA.

[41]  Dinshaw J. Patel,et al.  Human telomere, oncogenic promoter and 5′-UTR G-quadruplexes: diverse higher order DNA and RNA targets for cancer therapeutics , 2007, Nucleic acids research.

[42]  M. Métifiot,et al.  Targeting HIV-1 integrase with aptamers selected against the purified RNase H domain of HIV-1 RT. , 2005, Biochimie.

[43]  Michael Fry,et al.  Tetraplex DNA and its interacting proteins. , 2007, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[44]  V. Scaria,et al.  Inhibition of translation in living eukaryotic cells by an RNA G-quadruplex motif. , 2008, RNA.

[45]  C. E. Pearson,et al.  TMPyP4 Porphyrin Distorts RNA G-quadruplex Structures of the Disease-associated r(GGGGCC)n Repeat of the C9orf72 Gene and Blocks Interaction of RNA-binding Proteins* , 2013, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[46]  E. De Pauw,et al.  Electrospray mass spectrometry of telomeric RNA (TERRA) reveals the formation of stable multimeric G-quadruplex structures. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[47]  Yan Xu,et al.  Chemistry in human telomere biology: structure, function and targeting of telomere DNA/RNA. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[48]  Brian Luke,et al.  TERRA: telomeric repeat-containing RNA , 2009, The EMBO journal.

[49]  M. Teulade‐Fichou,et al.  Efficient Suppression of Gene Expression by Targeting 5′‐UTR‐Based RNA Quadruplexes with Bisquinolinium Compounds , 2011, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[50]  N. Sugimoto,et al.  Stability of RNA quadruplex in open reading frame determines proteolysis of human estrogen receptor α , 2013, Nucleic acids research.

[51]  S. Warren,et al.  The fragile X protein controls microtubule-associated protein 1B translation and microtubule stability in brain neuron development. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[52]  C. Kwok,et al.  Decrease in RNA folding cooperativity by deliberate population of intermediates in RNA G-quadruplexes. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[53]  F. Grosse,et al.  Human DHX9 helicase preferentially unwinds RNA-containing displacement loops (R-loops) and G-quadruplexes. , 2011, DNA repair.

[54]  F. Denat,et al.  A model of smart G-quadruplex ligand. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[55]  Rolf Hilgenfeld,et al.  The SARS-Unique Domain (SUD) of SARS Coronavirus Contains Two Macrodomains That Bind G-Quadruplexes , 2009, PLoS pathogens.

[56]  Tao Li,et al.  Potassium-lead-switched G-quadruplexes: a new class of DNA logic gates. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[57]  N. Sugimoto,et al.  Suppression of gene expression by G-quadruplexes in open reading frames depends on G-quadruplex stability. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[58]  Peter K. Todd,et al.  The fragile X mental retardation protein is required for type-I metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent translation of PSD-95 , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[59]  M. Mihailescu,et al.  Analysis of the Fragile X mental retardation protein isoforms 1, 2 and 3 interactions with the G-quadruplex forming semaphorin 3F mRNA. , 2012, Molecular bioSystems.

[60]  Satyaprakash Pandey,et al.  The G-quadruplex augments translation in the 5' untranslated region of transforming growth factor β2. , 2013, Biochemistry.

[61]  L. Miller,et al.  Yin Yang 1 contains G-quadruplex structures in its promoter and 5′-UTR and its expression is modulated by G4 resolvase 1 , 2011, Nucleic acids research.

[62]  Renxiao Wang,et al.  Mass spectrometric studies on effects of counter ions of TMPyP4 on binding to human telomeric DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes , 2014, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[63]  Ke Shi,et al.  An eight-stranded helical fragment in RNA crystal structure: implications for tetraplex interaction. , 2003, Structure.

[64]  P. Svoboda,et al.  Hairpin RNA: a secondary structure of primary importance , 2006, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[65]  J. Malter,et al.  FMRP Mediates mGluR5-Dependent Translation of Amyloid Precursor Protein , 2007, PLoS biology.

[66]  Xiaogang Qu,et al.  A DNA nanomachine induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes on gold surface. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[67]  B. Gatto,et al.  The evolving world of protein-G-quadruplex recognition: A medicinal chemist’s perspective , 2011, Biochimie.

[68]  J. Feigon,et al.  Quadruplex structure of Oxytricha telomeric DNA oligonucleotides , 1992, Nature.

[69]  A. Benz,et al.  A comparison of DNA and RNA quadruplex structures and stabilities. , 2009, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

[70]  R. Olsthoorn.  G-quadruplexes within prion mRNA: the missing link in prion disease? , 2014, Nucleic acids research.

[71]  H. Riethman,et al.  TERRA RNA binding to TRF2 facilitates heterochromatin formation and ORC recruitment at telomeres. , 2009, Molecular cell.

[72]  Max A. Keniry,et al.  Quadruplex structures in nucleic acids , 2000, Biopolymers.

[73]  P. Bevilacqua,et al.  Structures, kinetics, thermodynamics, and biological functions of RNA hairpins. , 2008, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[74]  J. Mergny,et al.  Sequence effects in single-base loops for quadruplexes. , 2008, Biochimie.

[75]  C. Gustafsson,et al.  G-quadruplex structures in RNA stimulate mitochondrial transcription termination and primer formation , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[76]  S. Maiti,et al.  Stability and molecular recognition of quadruplexes with different loop length in the absence and presence of molecular crowding agents. , 2009, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[77]  Samer Khateb,et al.  The tetraplex (CGG)n destabilizing proteins hnRNP A2 and CBF-A enhance the in vivo translation of fragile X premutation mRNA , 2007, Nucleic acids research.

[78]  Gayan Mirihana Arachchilage,et al.  A library screening approach identifies naturally occurring RNA sequences for a G-quadruplex binding ligand. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[79]  Markus Wieland,et al.  Predictable suppression of gene expression by 5′-UTR-based RNA quadruplexes , 2009, Nucleic acids research.

[80]  Tadashi Mori,et al.  RNA aptamers selected against the receptor activator of NF-kappaB acquire general affinity to proteins of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. , 2004, Nucleic acids research.

[81]  Zoltán Konthur,et al.  Identification and characterization of RNA guanine-quadruplex binding proteins , 2014, Nucleic acids research.

[82]  F. Nielsen,et al.  Posttranscriptional regulation of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA. , 1995, Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum.

[83]  N. Sugimoto,et al.  Hydration regulates thermodynamics of G-quadruplex formation under molecular crowding conditions. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[84]  J. Mergny,et al.  Telomerase downregulation induced by the G-quadruplex ligand 12459 in A549 cells is mediated by hTERT RNA alternative splicing. , 2004, Nucleic acids research.

[85]  Luciane Martins,et al.  G-quadruplex formation enhances splicing efficiency of PAX9 intron 1 , 2014, Human Genetics.

[86]  Satyaprakash Pandey,et al.  G‐Quadruplexes as Tools for Synthetic Biology , 2013, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[87]  S. Neidle,et al.  Identification of novel telomeric G-quadruplex-targeting chemical scaffolds through screening of three NCI libraries. , 2012, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[88]  B. Saccà,et al.  The effect of chemical modifications on the thermal stability of different G-quadruplex-forming oligonucleotides , 2005, Nucleic acids research.

[89]  J. Mergny,et al.  Fluorescence-based duplex–quadruplex competition test to screen for telomerase RNA quadruplex ligands , 2010, Nucleic acids research.

[90]  E. Brody,et al.  An intronic (A/U)GGG repeat enhances the splicing of an alternative intron of the chicken beta-tropomyosin pre-mRNA. , 1995, Nucleic acids research.

[91]  M. Mihailescu,et al.  Interactions of the G quartet forming semaphorin 3F RNA with the RGG box domain of the fragile X protein family , 2007, Nucleic acids research.

[92]  H. Moine,et al.  G‐quadruplexes in RNA biology , 2012, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA.

[93]  L. Marky,et al.  Energetic and hydration contributions of the removal of methyl groups from thymine to form uracil in G-quadruplexes. , 2009, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[94]  Keith R Fox,et al.  Influence of loop size on the stability of intramolecular DNA quadruplexes. , 2004, Nucleic acids research.

[95]  Satyaprakash Pandey,et al.  Human telomeric RNA G-quadruplex response to point mutation in the G-quartets. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[96]  Ja Yil Lee,et al.  Dramatic effect of single-base mutation on the conformational dynamics of human telomeric G-quadruplex , 2009, Nucleic acids research.

[97]  Shankar Balasubramanian,et al.  An Intramolecular G-Quadruplex Structure Is Required for Binding of Telomeric Repeat-Containing RNA to the Telomeric Protein TRF2 , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[98]  Jie Zhong,et al.  G-quadruplexes regulate Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen 1 mRNA translation. , 2014, Nature chemical biology.

[99]  N. Sugimoto,et al.  Monomorphic RNA G-quadruplex and polymorphic DNA G-quadruplex structures responding to cellular environmental factors. , 2010, Biochemistry.

[100]  F. Nielsen,et al.  A guanosine quadruplex and two stable hairpins flank a major cleavage site in insulin-like growth factor II mRNA. , 1994, Nucleic acids research.

[101]  A. Phan,et al.  Structure of human telomeric RNA (TERRA): stacking of two G-quadruplex blocks in K(+) solution. , 2013, Biochemistry.

[102]  J. Gécz,et al.  FRAXE-associated mental retardation protein (FMR2) is an RNA-binding protein with high affinity for G-quartet RNA forming structure , 2009, Nucleic acids research.

[103]  S. Basu,et al.  An RNA G-quadruplex is essential for cap-independent translation initiation in human VEGF IRES. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[104]  R. Shafer,et al.  Engineering the quadruplex fold: nucleoside conformation determines both folding topology and molecularity in guanine quadruplexes. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[105]  P. Moore,et al.  Tetramerization of an RNA oligonucleotide containing a GGGG sequence , 1991, Nature.

[106]  L. Créancier,et al.  A Single Internal Ribosome Entry Site Containing a G Quartet RNA Structure Drives Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Gene Expression at Four Alternative Translation Initiation Codons* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[107]  J. Beaudoin,et al.  5′-UTR G-quadruplex structures acting as translational repressors , 2010, Nucleic acids research.

[108]  N. Sugimoto,et al.  Translational halt during elongation caused by G-quadruplex formed by mRNA. , 2013, Methods.

[109]  Jean-Louis Mergny,et al.  Following G‐quartet formation by UV‐spectroscopy , 1998, FEBS letters.

[110]  Stephen Neidle,et al.  Loop-length-dependent folding of G-quadruplexes. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[111]  M. Komiyama,et al.  Structure, function and targeting of human telomere RNA. , 2012, Methods.

[112]  Jean-Louis Mergny,et al.  How long is too long? Effects of loop size on G-quadruplex stability , 2010, Nucleic acids research.

[113]  Sarah W. Burge,et al.  Quadruplex DNA: sequence, topology and structure , 2006, Nucleic acids research.

[114]  Sébastien Roy,et al.  In vitro selection and characterization of RNA aptamers binding thyroxine hormone. , 2007, The Biochemical journal.

[115]  C. C. Hardin,et al.  Cation-dependent transition between the quadruplex and Watson-Crick hairpin forms of d(CGCG3GCG). , 1992, Biochemistry.

[116]  A. Phan,et al.  DNA architecture: from G to Z. , 2006, Current opinion in structural biology.

[117]  Macrocyclic G-quadruplex ligands. , 2010, Current medicinal chemistry.

[118]  Role of G-quadruplex located at 5' end of mRNAs. , 2014, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[119]  T. Simonsson,et al.  G-Quadruplex DNA Structures Variations on a Theme , 2001, Biological chemistry.

[120]  S. Chatterjee,et al.  Human cathelicidin peptide LL37 binds telomeric G-quadruplex. , 2013, Molecular bioSystems.

[121]  J. Piccirilli,et al.  A G-Quadruplex-Containing RNA Activates Fluorescence in a GFP-Like Fluorophore , 2014, Nature chemical biology.

[122]  A. Rich,et al.  Crystal structure of four-stranded Oxytricha telomeric DNA , 1992, Nature.

[123]  Sarah M Assmann,et al.  Toward a digital gene response: RNA G-quadruplexes with fewer quartets fold with higher cooperativity. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[124]  R. Shafer,et al.  Biological aspects of DNA/RNA quadruplexes , 2000, Biopolymers.

[125]  Michael B. Stadler,et al.  The DEAH-box RNA helicase RHAU binds an intramolecular RNA G-quadruplex in TERC and associates with telomerase holoenzyme , 2011, Nucleic acids research.

[126]  R. Kurokawa,et al.  Regulation of telomere length by G-quadruplex telomere DNA- and TERRA-binding protein TLS/FUS. , 2013, Chemistry & biology.

[127]  M. Tomasko,et al.  Substitution of adenine for guanine in the quadruplex-forming human telomere DNA sequence G(3)(T(2)AG(3))(3). , 2009, Biochimie.

[128]  T. Oyoshi,et al.  Specific binding of modified RGG domain in TLS/FUS to G-quadruplex RNA: tyrosines in RGG domain recognize 2'-OH of the riboses of loops in G-quadruplex. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[129]  Role of loop residues and cations on the formation and stability of dimeric DNA G-quadruplexes. , 2005, Biochemistry.

[130]  C. Azzalin,et al.  Telomeric Repeat–Containing RNA and RNA Surveillance Factors at Mammalian Chromosome Ends , 2007, Science.

[131]  D L Black,et al.  The generally expressed hnRNP F is involved in a neural-specific pre-mRNA splicing event. , 1995, Genes & development.

[132]  B. Suess,et al.  An RNA G-quadruplex in the 3' UTR of the proto-oncogene PIM1 represses translation , 2011, RNA biology.

[133]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  The BCL-2 5' untranslated region contains an RNA G-quadruplex-forming motif that modulates protein expression. , 2010, Biochemistry.

[134]  D. Davies,et al.  Helix formation by guanylic acid. , 1962, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[135]  M. Komiyama,et al.  Inhibition of translation by small RNA-stabilized mRNA structures in human cells. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[136]  A. Benz,et al.  Identification of Novel Quadruplex Ligands from Small Molecule Libraries by FRET‐Based High‐Throughput Screening , 2011, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[137]  J. Mergny,et al.  A FRET-based screening assay for nucleic acid ligands. , 2012, Methods.

[138]  Shankar Balasubramanian,et al.  An RNA G-quadruplex in the 5' UTR of the NRAS proto-oncogene modulates translation. , 2007, Nature chemical biology.

[139]  S. Maiti,et al.  Effect of loop length variation on quadruplex-Watson Crick duplex competition , 2008, Nucleic acids research.

[140]  J. Feigon,et al.  The selectivity for K+ versus Na+ in DNA quadruplexes is dominated by relative free energies of hydration: a thermodynamic analysis by 1H NMR. , 1996, Biochemistry.

[141]  Jeffery T. Davis.  G-quartets 40 years later: from 5'-GMP to molecular biology and supramolecular chemistry. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[142]  T. Yokoyama,et al.  In vitro selection of RNA aptamers against cellular and abnormal isoform of mouse prion protein. , 2005, Nucleic acids symposium series.

[143]  Stephen Neidle,et al.  Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA , 2002, Nature.

[144]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  Distinct functions of maternal and somatic Pat1 protein paralogs. , 2010, RNA.

[145]  M. Blasco,et al.  TERRA transcripts are bound by a complex array of RNA-binding proteins. , 2010, Nature communications.

[146]  N. Sugimoto,et al.  Unusual -1 ribosomal frameshift caused by stable RNA G-quadruplex in open reading frame. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[147]  A. Phan,et al.  Structure of propeller-type parallel-stranded RNA G-quadruplexes, formed by human telomeric RNA sequences in K+ solution. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[148]  Vinod Scaria,et al.  © 2012 Landes Bioscience. Do not distribute. Potential G-quadruplexes in the human long non-coding transcriptome , 2012 .

[149]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  Selective RNAVersus DNA G-Quadruplex Targeting by In Situ Click Chemistry , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[150]  Stephen Neidle,et al.  Small-molecule quadruplex-targeted drug discovery. , 2014, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[151]  Markus Wieland,et al.  RNA quadruplex-based modulation of gene expression. , 2007, Chemistry & biology.

[152]  Wen Zhang,et al.  G‐Quadruplex Structures and Their Interaction Diversity with Ligands , 2014, ChemMedChem.

[153]  Stephen P. Jackson,et al.  Small molecule-induced DNA damage identifies alternative DNA structures in human genes , 2012, Nature chemical biology.

[154]  Debmalya Bhattacharyya,et al.  Rationally induced RNA:DNA G-quadruplex structures elicit an anticancer effect by inhibiting endogenous eIF-4E expression. , 2014, Biochemistry.

[155]  M. Famulok,et al.  RNA aptamers specifically interact with the prion protein PrP , 1997, Journal of virology.

[156]  M. Blasco,et al.  Developmentally regulated transcription of mammalian telomeres by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II , 2008, Nature Cell Biology.

[157]  Y. Nagamine,et al.  Role of the amino terminal RHAU-specific motif in the recognition and resolution of guanine quadruplex-RNA by the DEAH-box RNA helicase RHAU , 2010, Nucleic acids research.

[158]  S. Basu,et al.  An unusually stable G-quadruplex within the 5'-UTR of the MT3 matrix metalloproteinase mRNA represses translation in eukaryotic cells. , 2009, Biochemistry.

[159]  I Berger,et al.  In vitro generated antibodies specific for telomeric guanine-quadruplex DNA react with Stylonychia lemnae macronuclei , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[160]  Markus Wieland,et al.  Investigation of mRNA quadruplex formation in Escherichia coli , 2009, Nature Protocols.

[161]  N. Sugimoto,et al.  Molecular crowding regulates the structural switch of the DNA G-quadruplex. , 2002, Biochemistry.

[162]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  5′-UTR RNA G-quadruplexes: translation regulation and targeting , 2012, Nucleic acids research.

[163]  M. Mihailescu,et al.  A G‐Rich element forms a G‐quadruplex and regulates BACE1 mRNA alternative splicing , 2012, Journal of neurochemistry.

[164]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  Position and stability are determining factors for translation repression by an RNA G-quadruplex-forming sequence within the 5' UTR of the NRAS proto-oncogene. , 2008, Biochemistry.

[165]  K. Nakatani,et al.  Recognition of Chelerythrine to Human Telomeric DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[166]  M. Sundaralingam,et al.  Crystal structure of an RNA purine-rich tetraplex containing adenine tetrads: implications for specific binding in RNA tetraplexes. , 2003, Structure.

[167]  Shankar Balasubramanian,et al.  Visualization and selective chemical targeting of RNA G-quadruplex structures in the cytoplasm of human cells. , 2014, Nature chemistry.

[168]  M. Teulade‐Fichou,et al.  Screening of a chemical library by HT-G4-FID for discovery of selective G-quadruplex binders. , 2012, Current pharmaceutical design.

[169]  J. Beaudoin,et al.  Exploring mRNA 3′-UTR G-quadruplexes: evidence of roles in both alternative polyadenylation and mRNA shortening , 2013, Nucleic acids research.

[170]  Mireille Melko,et al.  The role of G-quadruplex in RNA metabolism: involvement of FMRP and FMR2P. , 2010, Biochimie.

[171]  G. Parkinson,et al.  Selectivity in small molecule binding to human telomeric RNA and DNA quadruplexes. , 2009, Chemical communications.

[172]  Trushar R Patel,et al.  Binding of G-quadruplexes to the N-terminal Recognition Domain of the RNA Helicase Associated with AU-rich Element (RHAU)* , 2013, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[173]  C. Ehresmann,et al.  The fragile X mental retardation protein binds specifically to its mRNA via a purine quartet motif , 2001, The EMBO journal.

[174]  R. Olsthoorn,et al.  Stimulation of ribosomal frameshifting by RNA G-quadruplex structures , 2013, Nucleic acids research.

[175]  C. Hodgman,et al.  Occurrence of a quadruplex motif in a unique insert within exon C of the bovine estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1). , 2010, Biochemistry.

[176]  G. Yuan,et al.  Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric exploration of the high-affinity binding of three natural alkaloids with the mRNA G-quadruplex in the BCL2 5'-untranslated region. , 2013, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[177]  L. Hurley,et al.  Thermally induced DNA.RNA hybrid to G-quadruplex transitions: possible implications for telomere synthesis by telomerase. , 1996, Biochemistry.

[178]  J. Mergny,et al.  A G-quadruplex structure within the 5′-UTR of TRF2 mRNA represses translation in human cells , 2010, Nucleic acids research.

[179]  Lawrence D'Antonio,et al.  GRSDB: a database of quadruplex forming G-rich sequences in alternatively processed mammalian pre-mRNA sequences , 2005, Nucleic Acids Res..

[180]  J. Mandel,et al.  G–quadruplex RNA structure as a signal for neurite mRNA targeting , 2011, EMBO reports.

[181]  J. Griffith,et al.  Structure of Long Telomeric RNA Transcripts , 2009, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[182]  Y. Nagamine,et al.  The DEXH Protein Product of the DHX36 Gene Is the Major Source of Tetramolecular Quadruplex G4-DNA Resolving Activity in HeLa Cell Lysates* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[183]  C Joel McManus,et al.  RNA structure and the mechanisms of alternative splicing. , 2011, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[184]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  Quantitative visualization of DNA G-quadruplex structures in human cells. , 2013, Nature chemistry.

[185]  J. Wagner,et al.  Translational Repression of the Disintegrin and Metalloprotease ADAM10 by a Stable G-quadruplex Secondary Structure in Its 5′-Untranslated Region* , 2011, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[186]  K. Collins,et al.  The 5′ Guanosine Tracts of Human Telomerase RNA Are Recognized by the G-Quadruplex Binding Domain of the RNA Helicase DHX36 and Function To Increase RNA Accumulation , 2010, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[187]  Souvik Maiti,et al.  Effect of loops and G-quartets on the stability of RNA G-quadruplexes. , 2013, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[188]  J. Mandel,et al.  FMRP interferes with the Rac1 pathway and controls actin cytoskeleton dynamics in murine fibroblasts. , 2005, Human molecular genetics.

[189]  P. Hainaut,et al.  G-quadruplex structures in TP53 intron 3: role in alternative splicing and in production of p53 mRNA isoforms. , 2011, Carcinogenesis.

[190]  M. Teulade‐Fichou,et al.  A hitchhiker's guide to G-quadruplex ligands. , 2008, Organic & biomolecular chemistry.

[191]  A. Pinto,et al.  Telomere protein complexes and interactions with telomerase in telomere maintenance. , 2011, Frontiers in bioscience.