Sending Sound to the Brain

The cochlear implant, a microelectrode array that directly stimulates the auditory nerve, has greatly benefited many individuals with profound deafness. Deaf patients without an intact auditory nerve may be helped by the next generation of auditory prostheses: surface or penetrating auditory brainstem implants that bypass the auditory nerve and directly stimulate auditory processing centers in the brainstem.

[1]  C. Walker.  Ophthalmology , 1859, Bristol medico-chirurgical journal.

[2]  RETINA , 1965 .

[3]  G. Brindley,et al.  The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[4]  J. Winn,et al.  Brain , 1878, The Lancet.

[5]  K K Osen,et al.  The cochlear nuclei in man. , 1979, The American journal of anatomy.

[6]  T. Wiesel.  Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of environment , 1982, Nature.

[7]  E D Young,et al.  Neural organization and responses to complex stimuli in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. , 1992, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[8]  J. Rauschecker.  Compensatory plasticity and sensory substitution in the cerebral cortex , 1995, Trends in Neurosciences.

[9]  R V Shannon,et al.  Speech Recognition with Primarily Temporal Cues , 1995, Science.

[10]  R V Shannon,et al.  Accessing the tonotopic organization of the ventral cochlear nucleus by intranuclear microstimulation. , 1998, IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[11]  R. Oostenveld,et al.  Increased auditory cortical representation in musicians , 1998, Nature.

[12]  Joe G. Hollyfield,et al.  Retinal Degenerative Diseases and Experimental Therapy , 1999, Springer US.

[13]  A. Faulkner,et al.  Adaptation by normal listeners to upward spectral shifts of speech: implications for cochlear implants. , 1999, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[14]  A Kral,et al.  Recruitment of the auditory cortex in congenitally deaf cats by long-term cochlear electrostimulation. , 1999, Science.

[15]  D. J. Warren,et al.  A neural interface for a cortical vision prosthesis , 1999, Vision Research.

[16]  J P Rauschecker,et al.  Making Brain Circuits Listen , 1999, Science.

[17]  Qing Bai,et al.  A high-yield microassembly structure for three-dimensional microelectrode arrays , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[18]  David B. Pisoni,et al.  Language Development in Profoundly Deaf Children with Cochlear Implants , 2000, Psychological science.

[19]  M. DeLong.  Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease , 2001, Annals of neurology.

[20]  R. Patterson,et al.  Encoding of the temporal regularity of sound in the human brainstem , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[21]  IEEE Spectrum , 2022 .