Geomagnetic Induction During Highly Disturbed Space Weather Conditions: Studies of Ground Effects

The thesis work tackles the end of the space weather chain. By means of both theoretical and data-based investigations the thesis provides new tools and physical understanding of the processes related to geomagnetic induction and its effects on technological systems on the ground during highly disturbed geomagnetic conditions. In other words, the thesis focuses on geomagnetically induced currents (GIC). Noteworthy is also that GIC research is a practical interface between the solid Earth and space physics domains. It is shown that GIC can be modeled accurately with rather simple mathematical tools requiring that the topology and the electrical parameters of the conductor system, the ground conductivity structure and either the ionospheric source current or the ground magnetic field variations are known. Data-based investigations revealed that from the geophysical viewpoint, the character of GIC events is twofold. On one hand, large GIC can be observed at the same time instant throughout the entire auroral region. On the other hand, spatial and temporal scales related to these events are rather small making the detailed behavior of individual GIC events relatively local. It was observed that although substorms are statistically the most important drivers of large GIC in the auroral region, there are a number of different magnetospheric mechanisms capable to such dynamic changes that produce large GIC. Publishing unit Geophysical Research Classification (UDC)

[1]  Risto Pirjola,et al.  Statistics on geomagnetically-induced currents in the Finnish 400kV power system based on recordings of geomagnetic variations. , 1989 .

[2]  A. Viljanen,et al.  Ionospheric disturbance magnetic field continuation from the ground to the ionosphere using spherical elementary current systems , 1999 .

[3]  V. Dmitriev,et al.  The fundamental model of magnetotelluric sounding , 1979, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[4]  E. Jordan,et al.  Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems , 1951 .

[5]  George L. Withbroe.  Living With a Star , 2000 .

[6]  P. Barnes,et al.  Economic consequences of geomagnetic storms (a summary) , 1990, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[7]  P Eng,et al.  GIC effects on pipeline corrosion and corrosion control systems , 2002 .

[8]  G. Chisham,et al.  A statistical study of the local time asymmetry of Pc 5 ULF wave characteristics observed at midlatitudes by SAMNET , 1997 .

[9]  R. Pirjola,et al.  Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields , 1985 .

[10]  V. D. Albertson,et al.  Electric and Magnetic Fields at the Earth's Surface Due to Auroral Currents , 1970 .

[11]  K. Pang,et al.  Ancient observations link changes in Sun's brightness and Earth's climate , 2002 .

[12]  J. Koen,et al.  Geomagnetically induced currents in the Southern African electricity transmission network , 2003, 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings,.

[13]  R. Pirjola,et al.  Modeling geomagnetically induced currents during different ionospheric situations , 1999 .

[14]  Wolfgang Baumjohann,et al.  Studies of polar current systems using the IMS Scandinavian magnetometer array , 1993 .

[15]  Antti Pulkkinen,et al.  Recordings and occurrence of geomagnetically induced currents in the Finnish natural gas pipeline network , 2001 .

[16]  Bruce T. Tsurutani,et al.  The Interplanetary Causes of Magnetic Storms: A Review , 2013 .

[17]  A. Viljanen,et al.  On induction effects at EISCAT and IMAGE magnetometer stations , 1995 .

[18]  William H. Press,et al.  Numerical recipes in C. The art of scientific computing , 1987 .

[19]  J.G. Kappenman,et al.  Geomagnetic Storms and Their Impact on Power Systems , 1996, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[20]  R. Pirjola,et al.  Currents produced in the Finnish 400 kV power transmission grid and in the Finnish natural gas pipeline by geomagnetically-induced electric fields , 1985 .

[21]  O. Amm.  Improved electrodynamic modeling of an omega band and analysis of its current system , 1996 .

[22]  G. Keller,et al.  Advanced theory of deep geomagnetic sounding , 1984 .

[23]  Albert A. Smith.  Coupling of External Electromagnetic Fields to Transmission Lines , 1989 .

[24]  I. S. Gradshteyn,et al.  Table of Integrals, Series, and Products , 1976 .

[25]  George B. Prescott.  History, theory, and practice of the electric telegraph , 1860 .

[26]  W. A. Radasky,et al.  Advanced geomagnetic storm forecasting: a risk management tool for electric power system operations , 2000 .

[27]  D. H. Boteler,et al.  Specification of geomagnetically induced electric fields and currents in pipelines , 2001 .

[28]  J. T. Weaver.  Mathematical methods for geo-electromagnetic induction , 1994 .

[29]  G. V. Haines.  Spherical cap harmonic analysis , 1985 .

[30]  David Boteler,et al.  The effects of geomagnetic disturbances on electrical systems at the earth's surface , 1998 .

[31]  H. Koskinen,et al.  April 2000 magnetic storm: Solar wind driver and magnetospheric response , 2002 .

[32]  T. Pulkkinen,et al.  Effects of induced currents on Dst and on magnetic variations at midlatitude stations , 2002 .

[33]  Antti Pulkkinen,et al.  Time derivative of the horizontal geomagnetic field as an activity indicator , 2001 .

[34]  A. Pulkkinen,et al.  Ionospheric equivalent current distributions determined with the method of spherical elementary current systems , 2003 .

[35]  Tom Molinski,et al.  Why utilities respect geomagnetically induced currents , 2002 .

[36]  D. Boteler,et al.  Case studies of space weather events from their launching on the Sun to their impacts on power systems on the Earth , 2002 .

[37]  S. O. Ogunade.  Induced electromagnetic fields in oil pipelines under electrojet current sources , 1986 .

[38]  E. Loomis.  The great auroral exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859 , 1860, American Journal of Science and Arts.

[39]  G. Rostoker.  Phenomenology and physics of magnetospheric substorms , 1996 .

[40]  Antti Pulkkinen,et al.  Fast computation of the geoelectric field using the method of elementary current systems and planar Earth models , 2004 .

[41]  L. Cagniard.  Basic theory of the magneto-telluric method of geophysical prospecting , 1953 .

[42]  James R. Wait,et al.  On the image representation of the quasi-static fields of a line current source above the ground , 1969 .

[43]  Risto Pirjola,et al.  Complex image method for calculating electric and magnetic fields produced by an auroral electrojet of finite length , 1998 .

[44]  R. Pirjola,et al.  Electromagnetic induction in the earth by a plane wave or by fields of line currents harmonic in time and space , 1982 .

[45]  M. Chouteau,et al.  Probability of occurrence of geomagnetic storms based on a study of the distribution of the electric field amplitudes measured in Abitibi, Québec, in 1993-94 , 1996 .

[46]  D. Baker,et al.  The Role of Self-Organized Criticality in the Substorm Phenomenon and its Relation to Localized Reconnection in the Magnetospheric Plasma Sheet , 1999 .

[47]  D. Boteler,et al.  A study of geoelectromagnetic disturbances in Quebec. II. Detailed analysis of a large event , 2000 .

[48]  Wolfgang Baumjohann,et al.  Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling , 1993 .

[49]  L. Lanzerotti,et al.  Outage of the l4 system and the geomagnetic disturbances of 4 august 1972 , 1974 .

[50]  A. T. Price,et al.  Electromagnetic induction in non-uniform conductors, and the determination of the conductivity of the Earth from terrestrial magnetic variations , 1939 .

[51]  Stephen Gabriel,et al.  On space weather consequences and predictions , 2000 .

[52]  T. Pulkkinen,et al.  At substorm onset, 40% of AL comes from underground , 2001 .

[53]  S. Akasofu,et al.  Electric currents in power transmission line induced by auroral activity , 1979, Nature.

[54]  A. Pulkkinen,et al.  Separation of the geomagnetic variation field on the ground into external and internal parts using the spherical elementary current system method , 2003 .

[55]  A. Thomson,et al.  April 2000 geomagnetic storm: ionospheric drivers of large geomagnetically induced currents , 2002 .

[56]  B. Tsurutani.  The Interplanetary Causes of Magnetic Storms, Substorms and Geomagnetic Quiet , 2001 .

[57]  M. Engels,et al.  Crustal conductivity in Fennoscandia—a compilation of a database on crustal conductance in the Fennoscandian Shield , 2002 .

[58]  Henty Root.  Earth-Current Effects on Communication-Cable Power Subsystems , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[59]  T. Pulkkinen,et al.  Loading‐unloading processes in the nightside ionosphere , 2000 .

[60]  D. Boteler,et al.  A study of geoelectromagnetic disturbances in Quebec. I. General results , 1998 .

[61]  J. T. Weaver,et al.  The complex image approximation for induction in a multilayered Earth , 1975 .

[62]  David Boteler,et al.  Modelling of space weather effects on pipelines , 2001 .

[63]  Marianne Mareschal,et al.  Modelling of natural sources of magnetospheric origin in the interpretation of regional induction studies: A review , 1986 .

[64]  Wolfgang Baumjohann,et al.  Analysis of an eastward electrojet by means of upward continuation of ground-based magnetometer data , 1978 .

[65]  Harri Valpola,et al.  Bayesian Ensemble Learning for Nonlinear Factor Analysis Text Mining with the Websom , 2022 .

[66]  R. C. Carrington.  Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859 , 1859 .

[67]  Alexandra Hilgers,et al.  Space Weather: European Space Agency Perspectives , 2013 .

[68]  D. Boteler.  Geomagnetic Effects on the Pipe-To-Soil Potentials of A Continental Pipeline , 2000 .

[69]  David H. Boteler,et al.  The complex-image method for calculating the magnetic and electric fields produced at the surface of the Earth by the auroral electrojet , 1998 .

[70]  Y. Kamide.  Geomagnetic Storms as a Dominant Component of Space Weather: Classic Picture and Recent Issues , 2001 .

[71]  Louis J. Lanzerotti,et al.  Space weather effects on technologies , 2013 .

[72]  E. Tanskanen.  Terrestrial substorms as a part of global energy flow , 2002 .

[73]  R. S. Weigel,et al.  Solar wind coupling to and predictability of ground magnetic fields and their time derivatives , 2003 .

[74]  L. Bolduc.  GIC observations and studies in the Hydro-Quebec power system , 2002 .

[75]  Thomas R. Detman,et al.  Review of techniques for magnetic storm forecasting , 2013 .

[76]  Pekka Janhunen,et al.  GUMICS-3 A Global Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Coupling Simulation with High Ionospheric Resolution , 1996 .

[77]  William H. Press,et al.  Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN - The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition , 1987 .

[78]  Carol G. Maclennan,et al.  Transatlantic Earth Potential Variations During the March 1989 Magnetic Storms , 1989 .

[79]  Wallace H. Campbell,et al.  Induction of auroral zone electric currents within the Alaska pipeline , 1978 .

[80]  G. Arfken.  Mathematical Methods for Physicists , 1967 .

[81]  O. Amm.  The elementary current method for calculating ionospheric current systems from multisatellite and ground magnetometer data , 2001 .

[82]  W. H. Barlow,et al.  VI. On the spontaneous electrical currents observed in the wires of the electric telegraph , 1849, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

[83]  G. Rostoker,et al.  Modelling of three‐dimensional current systems associated with magnetospheric substorms , 1977 .

[84]  Ari Viljanen,et al.  The Relation Between Geomagnetic Variations and Their Time Derivatives and Implications for Estimation of Induction Risks , 1997 .

[85]  A. Viljanen,et al.  Geomagnetically induced currents in the Finnish high-voltage power system , 1994 .

[86]  M. Engels,et al.  Multisheet modelling of the electrical conductivity structure in the Fennoscandian Shield , 2002 .

[87]  A. Viljanen,et al.  Relation of geomagnetically induced currents and local geomagnetic variations , 1998 .

[88]  O. Amm.  Ionospheric Elementary Current Systems in Spherical Coordinates and Their Application , 1997 .