Bioavailability of dietary flavonoids and phenolic compounds.

[1]  D. Grbìc-Galìc.  O-demethylation, dehydroxylation, ring-reduction and cleavage of aromatic substrates by Enterobacteriaceae under anaerobic conditions. , 1986, The Journal of applied bacteriology.

[2]  N. Pellegrini,et al.  Ability of a high-total antioxidant capacity diet to increase stool weight and bowel antioxidant status in human subjects , 2010, British Journal of Nutrition.

[3]  J. Cooney,et al.  Anthocyanin glycosides from berry fruit are absorbed and excreted unmetabolized by both humans and rats. , 2003, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[4]  C. Rice-Evans,et al.  Decomposition of cocoa procyanidins in the gastric milieu. , 2000, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[5]  M. Failla,et al.  Isoflavonoid glucosides are deconjugated and absorbed in the small intestine of human subjects with ileostomies. , 2007, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[6]  C. Edwards,et al.  Yoghurt impacts on the excretion of phenolic acids derived from colonic breakdown of orange juice flavanones in humans. , 2009, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[7]  G. Williamson,et al.  Metabolism of quercetin-7- and quercetin-3-glucuronides by an in vitro hepatic model: the role of human beta-glucuronidase, sulfotransferase, catechol-O-methyltransferase and multi-resistant protein 2 (MRP2) in flavonoid metabolism. , 2003, Biochemical pharmacology.

[8]  R. Gotti,et al.  Analysis of catechins in Theobroma cacao beans by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. , 2006, Journal of chromatography. A.

[9]  G. Beecher,et al.  Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption. , 2004, The Journal of nutrition.

[10]  K. Ogura,et al.  Plasma Profiling of Intact Isoflavone Metabolites by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometric Identification of Flavone Glycosides Daidzin and Genistin in Human Plasma after Administration of Kinako , 2008, Drug Metabolism and Disposition.

[11]  M. Kikuchi,et al.  Soy isoflavone aglycones are absorbed faster and in higher amounts than their glucosides in humans. , 2000, The Journal of nutrition.

[12]  E. Richling,et al.  Studies on apple and blueberry fruit constituents: do the polyphenols reach the colon after ingestion? , 2006, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[13]  M. Lean,et al.  Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[14]  G. Williamson,et al.  In vitro metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora , 2005, European journal of nutrition.

[15]  A. Scalbert,et al.  Procyanidins are not bioavailable in rats fed a single meal containing a grapeseed extract or the procyanidin dimer B3 , 2002, British Journal of Nutrition.

[16]  G. Williamson,et al.  Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. , 2010, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[17]  E. Richling,et al.  Colonic availability of apple polyphenols--a study in ileostomy subjects. , 2005, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[18]  D. Ferreira,et al.  Oligomeric proanthocyanidins: naturally occurring O-heterocycles (January 1996 to December 1998) , 1996 .

[19]  G. Williamson,et al.  Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. , 2000, The Journal of nutrition.

[20]  M. Clifford.  Anthocyanins – nature, occurrence and dietary burden , 2000 .

[21]  C. Edwards,et al.  Bioavailability of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and its metabolites in humans following the ingestion of strawberries with and without cream. , 2008, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[22]  Alan Crozier,et al.  Bioavailability of anthocyanins and ellagitannins following consumption of raspberries by healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[23]  John R. Clark,et al.  Flavonoid glycosides and antioxidant capacity of various blackberry, blueberry and red grape genotypes determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry , 2004 .

[24]  C. Scaccini,et al.  Absorption of phenolic acids in humans after coffee consumption. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[25]  A. Braune,et al.  Anaerobic Degradation of Flavonoids by Clostridium orbiscindens , 2003, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[26]  B. Cerdá,et al.  Iberian pig as a model to clarify obscure points in the bioavailability and metabolism of ellagitannins in humans. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[27]  I. Yang,et al.  Human urinary metabolite profile of tea polyphenols analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with data-dependent acquisition. , 2008, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[28]  H. Akiyama,et al.  Apple procyanidin oligomers absorption in rats after oral administration: analysis of procyanidins in plasma using the porter method and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[29]  S. Troufflard,et al.  Absorption, metabolism and excretion of Choladi green tea flavan-3-ols by humans. , 2009, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[30]  S. Kumazawa,et al.  Distribution and excretion of bilberry anthocyanins [corrected] in mice. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[31]  S. Mertens-Talcott,et al.  Absorption, metabolism, and antioxidant effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum l.) polyphenols after ingestion of a standardized extract in healthy human volunteers. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[32]  S. Rabot,et al.  Polymeric proanthocyanidins are catabolized by human colonic microflora into low-molecular-weight phenolic acids. , 2000, The Journal of nutrition.

[33]  G. Williamson,et al.  Cocoa procyanidins are stable during gastric transit in humans. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[34]  R. Preston.  Hormonal regulation of development I: Molecular aspects of plant hormones. Encyclopedia of plant physiology, new series, 9 Edited by J. MacMillan. New York: Springer-Verlag (1980). 681 pp., $134.60 , 1981, Cell.

[35]  A. Aro,et al.  Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of the flavanones naringenin and hesperetin in humans after ingestion of orange juice and grapefruit juice. , 2001, The Journal of nutrition.

[36]  M. Clifford,et al.  Hippuric acid as a major excretion product associated with black tea consumption , 2000, Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.

[37]  D. Perrone,et al.  Chlorogenic acid compounds from coffee are differentially absorbed and metabolized in humans. , 2007, The Journal of nutrition.

[38]  A. Braune,et al.  Degradation of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone by human intestinal bacteria. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[39]  Alan Crozier,et al.  On-line HPLC analysis of the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in brewed, paper-filtered coffee , 2006 .

[40]  P. Hollman,et al.  Absorption and disposition kinetics of the dietary antioxidant quercetin in man. , 1996, Free radical biology & medicine.

[41]  J. Vincken,et al.  Procyanidin dimers are metabolized by human microbiota with 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid and 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone as the major metabolites. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[42]  C. Edwards,et al.  Bioavailability and metabolism of orange juice flavanones in humans: impact of a full-fat yogurt. , 2008, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[43]  Gary Williamson,et al.  Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[44]  C. Auger,et al.  The absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins following the ingestion of a grape seed extract by rats , 2005, British Journal of Nutrition.

[45]  D. Ferreira,et al.  The influence of pomegranate by-product and punicalagins on selected groups of human intestinal microbiota. , 2010, International journal of food microbiology.

[46]  J. Blumberg,et al.  Bioavailablility of elderberry anthocyanins , 2002, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.

[47]  C. Rice-Evans,et al.  Absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of pelargonidin and its metabolites following oral administration to rats , 2006, British Journal of Nutrition.

[48]  V. Cheynier,et al.  The hidden face of food phenolic composition. , 2010, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[49]  M. Lean,et al.  HPLC-MSn analysis of phenolic compounds and purine alkaloids in green and black tea. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[50]  H. Hara,et al.  Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. , 2008, Clinical nutrition.

[51]  Chi-Tang Ho,et al.  Identification and characterization of methylated and ring-fission metabolites of tea catechins formed in humans, mice, and rats. , 2002, Chemical research in toxicology.

[52]  G. Beecher,et al.  Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[53]  C. Auger,et al.  Bioavailability of polyphenon E flavan-3-ols in humans with an ileostomy. , 2008, The Journal of nutrition.

[54]  R. Lamuela-Raventós,et al.  Effect of milk on the urinary excretion of microbial phenolic acids after cocoa powder consumption in humans. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[55]  M. Rahman,et al.  Extended glucuronidation is another major path of cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside metabolism in rats. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[56]  David Heber,et al.  Pomegranate juice ellagitannin metabolites are present in human plasma and some persist in urine for up to 48 hours. , 2006, The Journal of nutrition.

[57]  H. Hur,et al.  Enantioselective Synthesis of S-Equol from Dihydrodaidzein by a Newly Isolated Anaerobic Human Intestinal Bacterium , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[58]  N. Pellegrini,et al.  Bioavailability and catabolism of green tea flavan-3-ols in humans. , 2010, Nutrition.

[59]  A. Rietveld,et al.  Consumption of both black tea and green tea results in an increase in the excretion of hippuric acid into urine. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[60]  C. Edwards,et al.  Absorption, excretion and metabolite profiling of methyl-, glucuronyl-, glucosyl- and sulpho-conjugates of quercetin in human plasma and urine after ingestion of onions , 2006, British Journal of Nutrition.

[61]  A. Scalbert,et al.  Metabolism of dietary procyanidins in rats. , 2003, Free radical biology & medicine.

[62]  H. Ohguro,et al.  Comparative assessment of distribution of blackcurrant anthocyanins in rabbit and rat ocular tissues. , 2006, Experimental eye research.

[63]  M. Clifford,et al.  Dietary phenolics: chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health. , 2009, Natural product reports.

[64]  B. Clevidence,et al.  Anthocyanin excretion by humans increases linearly with increasing strawberry dose. , 2008, The Journal of nutrition.

[65]  B. Cerdá,et al.  The potent in vitro antioxidant ellagitannins from pomegranate juice are metabolised into bioavailable but poor antioxidant hydroxy–6H–dibenzopyran–6– one derivatives by the colonic microflora of healthy humans , 2004, European journal of nutrition.

[66]  J. Suflita,et al.  Metabolism of the 18O-methoxy substituent of 3-methoxybenzoic acid and other unlabeled methoxybenzoic acids by anaerobic bacteria , 1988, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[67]  C. Ho,et al.  Structural identification of two metabolites of catechins and their kinetics in human urine and blood after tea ingestion. , 2000, Chemical research in toxicology.

[68]  J. Hodgson,et al.  Supplementation with grape seed polyphenols results in increased urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic Acid, an important metabolite of proanthocyanidins in humans. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[69]  H. Grümer.  Formation of Hippuric Acid from Phenylalanine labelled with Carbon-14 in Phenylketonuric Subjects , 1961, Nature.

[70]  G. Williamson,et al.  (+)-Catechin is more bioavailable than (−)-catechin: Relevance to the bioavailability of catechin from cocoa , 2006, Free radical research.

[71]  Colin D Kay,et al.  Absorption of anthocyanins from blueberries and serum antioxidant status in human subjects. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[72]  B. Shukitt-Hale,et al.  Recent advances in berry supplementation and age-related cognitive decline , 2009, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[73]  H. Daniel,et al.  Flavonoid Glycosides Are Not Transported by the Human Na+/Glucose Transporter When Expressed in Xenopus laevis Oocytes, but Effectively Inhibit Electrogenic Glucose Uptake , 2007, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

[74]  H. Hur,et al.  Biotransformation of the isoflavonoids biochanin A, formononetin, and glycitein by Eubacterium limosum. , 2000, FEMS microbiology letters.

[75]  R. Prior,et al.  Aglycones and sugar moieties alter anthocyanin absorption and metabolism after berry consumption in weanling pigs. , 2005, The Journal of nutrition.

[76]  J. Blumberg,et al.  Identification of anthocyanins in the liver, eye, and brain of blueberry-fed pigs. , 2008, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[77]  A. Crozier,et al.  Use of accurate mass full scan mass spectrometry for the analysis of anthocyanins in berries and berry-fed tissues. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[78]  S. Kulling,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of the soybean isoflavone daidzein in its aglycone and glucoside form: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[79]  R. Prior,et al.  Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins in elderly women after consumption of elderberry or blueberry. , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[80]  J. M. Price,et al.  Quantitative studies on the metabolites of tryptophan in the urine of swine. , 1960, The Journal of nutrition.

[81]  C. Edwards,et al.  The relative contribution of the small and large intestine to the absorption and metabolism of rutin in man , 2006, Free radical research.

[82]  M. Lean,et al.  Green tea flavan-3-ols: colonic degradation and urinary excretion of catabolites by humans. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[83]  M. Ronis,et al.  Isoflavone conjugates are underestimated in tissues using enzymatic hydrolysis. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[84]  C. Pagliuca,et al.  Polyphenol metabolites from colonic microbiota exert anti-inflammatory activity on different inflammation models. , 2009, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[85]  M. Kikuchi,et al.  Procyanidin B1 Is Detected in Human Serum after Intake of Proanthocyanidin-rich Grape Seed Extract , 2003, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[86]  R. T. Williams,et al.  The fate of benzoic acid in various species. , 1970, The Biochemical journal.

[87]  R. Prior,et al.  Anthocyanins: Structural characteristics that result in unique metabolic patterns and biological activities , 2006, Free radical research.

[88]  J. Donovan,et al.  Absorption and Metabolism of Dietary Plant Secondary Metabolites , 2007 .

[89]  J. Espín,et al.  Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: role in human health. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[90]  M. Natsume,et al.  Bioavailability of (-)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers , 2000, Free radical research.

[91]  A. Scalbert,et al.  Strawberry anthocyanins are recovered in urine as glucuro- and sulfoconjugates in humans. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[92]  C. Rice-Evans,et al.  Novel biomarkers of the metabolism of caffeic acid derivatives in vivo. , 2001, Free radical biology & medicine.

[93]  Michael N. Clifford,et al.  Chlorogenic acids and other cinnamates – nature, occurrence and dietary burden , 1999 .

[94]  K. Nakagawa,et al.  Direct intestinal absorption of red fruit anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, into rats and humans. , 1999, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[95]  D. Barron,et al.  A comparison of the in vitro biotransformation of (-)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2 by human faecal microbiota. , 2010, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[96]  C. Felgines,et al.  Blackberry anthocyanins are mainly recovered from urine as methylated and glucuronidated conjugates in humans. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[97]  A. Crozier,et al.  Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cider dihydrochalcones in healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[98]  K. Becker,et al.  Plant Secondary Metabolites , 2007, Methods in Molecular Biology™.

[99]  B. Shukitt-Hale,et al.  Anthocyanins in aged blueberry-fed rats are found centrally and may enhance memory , 2005, Nutritional neuroscience.

[100]  J. Cooney,et al.  LC-MS identification of anthocyanins in boysenberry extract and anthocyanin metabolites in human urine following dosing , 2004 .

[101]  V. Fogliano,et al.  Protocatechuic acid is the major human metabolite of cyanidin-glucosides. , 2007, The Journal of nutrition.

[102]  D. Barron,et al.  Procyanidin B2 catabolism by human fecal microflora: partial characterization of 'dimeric' intermediates. , 2010, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[103]  Paul Sharp,et al.  Dietary polyphenols decrease glucose uptake by human intestinal Caco‐2 cells , 2005, FEBS letters.

[104]  V. Fogliano,et al.  Protocatechuic acid: the missing human cyanidins' metabolite. , 2008, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[105]  M. Lean,et al.  The bioavailability of raspberry anthocyanins and ellagitannins in rats. , 2007, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[106]  B. Holub,et al.  The effect of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption on postprandial serum antioxidant status in human subjects , 2002, British Journal of Nutrition.

[107]  G. Williamson,et al.  Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase , 2000, FEBS letters.

[108]  R. Corder.  Red wine, chocolate and vascular health: developing the evidence base , 2008, Heart.

[109]  G. Williamson,et al.  Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of green tea flavan-3-ols in humans with an ileostomy. , 2010, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[110]  B. Cerdá,et al.  Metabolism of antioxidant and chemopreventive ellagitannins from strawberries, raspberries, walnuts, and oak-aged wine in humans: identification of biomarkers and individual variability. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[111]  S. Lafay,et al.  Chlorogenic acids from green coffee extract are highly bioavailable in humans. , 2008, The Journal of nutrition.

[112]  P. Rohdewald,et al.  Urinary metabolites of French maritime pine bark extract in humans. , 2000, Die Pharmazie.

[113]  C. Fraga,et al.  Procyanidin dimer B2 [epicatechin-(4beta-8)-epicatechin] in human plasma after the consumption of a flavanol-rich cocoa. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[114]  A. Crozier,et al.  Quantitative Analysis of Plant Hormones , 1980 .

[115]  C. Bouteloup-Demange,et al.  Bioavailability in humans of the flavanones hesperidin and narirutin after the ingestion of two doses of orange juice , 2003, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[116]  D. Barron,et al.  In Vivo Bioavailability, Absorption, Excretion, and Pharmacokinetics of [14C]Procyanidin B2 in Male Rats , 2010, Drug Metabolism and Disposition.

[117]  D. Barron,et al.  Metabolite Profiling of Hydroxycinnamate Derivatives in Plasma and Urine after the Ingestion of Coffee by Humans: Identification of Biomarkers of Coffee Consumption , 2009, Drug Metabolism and Disposition.