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Среди всех жизненно важных функций организма человека дыхание уникально тем, что оно регулиру ется не только автоматическим центром, располо женным в стволе головного мозга, но и произволь ными сигналами, исходящими из его коры. Таким образом, поскольку человек может в определенной степени контролировать свое дыхание, то ощущения, возникающие при дыхании, влияют на его частоту и паттерн так же, как и на функциональное состояние. Нарушения дыхательного центра, вентиляторного аппарата либо газообмена могут вызывать неприят ные ощущения при дыхании, которые в клинической практике обычно называют одышкой. Несмотря на то, что основная цель в лечении страдающего одыш кой пациента — устранить физиологические механиз мы, лежащие в основе этих неприятных ощущений, существует большая группа больных с хронической сердечной и легочной патологией, у которых коррек ция соответствующих патофизиологических процес сов невозможна. Это часто приводит к инвалидиза ции таких больных. Таким образом, для клинициста, имеющего цель улучшить состояние пациентов, не обходимо хорошо знать и понимать механизмы, мето ды оценки и лечения одышки. В 1950–1960 х гг. множество работ, посвященных одышке, сосредоточивалось на влиянии механичес кой нагрузки на респираторную симптоматику [1]. И хотя исследователи понимали, что существует не сколько качественно различных видов одышки, об щее мнение сводилось к тому, что чувство усилия при дыхании является основным элементом дыха тельного дискомфорта. К 1984 г., когда Национальный институт сердца, легких и крови спонсировал научные работы по изу чению дыхательных ощущений и одышки, ученые оп ределили методики для количественной оценки этих ощущений и более подробно исследовали нейрофизи ологические механизмы, лежащие в их основе [2]. За последнее 10 летие достигнуты значительные успехи в изучении следующих аспектов: в дифференцировке Одышка: механизмы, оценка, лечение. Консенсус

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