The feasibility of saving energy in challenging organisational contexts: Testing energy visualisation in a social services office in the United Kingdom

Abstract The workplace offers opportunities for energy savings, but few studies have evaluated the effect of energy feedback in offices. This paper reports a case study of an energy visualisation intervention among social care staff. The research examined the role of feedback design (simple graphs vs. visualisation) and discusses the feasibility of implementing a near real-time visual feedback intervention into a work setting with staff keenly aware of their primary job roles. The findings show a staff sample with positive beliefs towards energy saving, but bounded by low feelings of self-efficacy, weak social norms, and perceived barriers in the office. Feedback may have supported feelings of collective efficacy and encouraged staff to talk with colleagues about ways to save energy. But engagement with feedback – and energy use in general – was limited. Energy use was embedded in other concerns and issues, such as a strong team culture and wider problems in the building. The case study highlights the complexities of energy-related behaviours in the workplace and the role visualising energy could play in this context. Engagement will be a key challenge in achieving successful feedback initiatives; we provide recommendations to tackle this challenge and identify areas for future research.

[1]  Noah J. Goldstein,et al.  Normative Social Influence is Underdetected , 2008, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[2]  C. Vlek,et al.  A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation , 2005 .

[3]  A. Carrico,et al.  Motivating energy conservation in the workplace: An evaluation of the use of group-level feedback and peer education , 2011 .

[4]  Linda Steg,et al.  Expanding the role for psychology in addressing environmental challenges. , 2016, The American psychologist.

[5]  Terry O'Sullivan,et al.  Environmentally responsible behaviour in the workplace: An internal social marketing approach , 2012 .

[6]  Christine Boomsma,et al.  Visual Images as a Motivational Bridge to Pro-Environmental Behaviour: A Cognitive Approach , 2013 .

[7]  S. S. van Dam,et al.  Home energy monitors: impact over the medium-term , 2010 .

[8]  Sabrina M. Hegner,et al.  Using the theory of planned behaviour to understand brand love , 2017 .

[9]  B. Sovacool What Are We Doing Here? Analyzing Fifteen Years of Energy Scholarship and Proposing a Social Science Research Agenda , 2014 .

[10]  Dan Lockton,et al.  Drawing Energy: Exploring the Aesthetics of the Invisible , 2014 .

[11]  H. Vial,et al.  A Chemical Proteomics Approach for the Search of Pharmacological Targets of the Antimalarial Clinical Candidate Albitiazolium in Plasmodium falciparum Using Photocrosslinking and Click Chemistry , 2014, PloS one.

[12]  Andrew Mathews,et al.  Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. , 2010, Clinical psychology review.

[13]  Riccardo Russo,et al.  The question of energy reduction: The problem(s) with feedback , 2015 .

[14]  Mary Beth Deline Energizing organizational research: Advancing the energy field with group concepts and theories , 2015 .

[15]  Michael Nye,et al.  Making energy visible: A qualitative field study of how householders interact with feedback from smart energy monitors , 2010 .

[16]  Gwendolyn Brandon,et al.  REDUCING HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION: A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE FIELD STUDY , 1999 .

[17]  Linda Steg,et al.  Promoting household energy conservation , 2008 .

[18]  Hermann-Josef Wagner,et al.  High reduction potentials for energy user behavior in public buildings: how much can psychology-based interventions achieve? , 2011 .

[19]  S. Sheppard Landscape visualisation and climate change: the potential for influencing perceptions and behaviour , 2005 .

[20]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  Stalking the elusive "vividness" effect. , 1982 .

[21]  Dan Lockton,et al.  Closing the Loop – Behaviour Change in DSM : From Theory to Practice , 2012 .

[22]  Sophie A. Nicholson-Cole Representing climate change futures: a critique on the use of images for visual communication , 2005, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[23]  David R. Shaffer,et al.  Vividness Can Undermine or Enhance Message Processing: The Moderating Role of Vividness Congruency , 2000 .

[24]  Michael Nye,et al.  Keeping energy visible? Exploring how householders interact with feedback from smart energy monitors in the longer term , 2013 .

[25]  Sarah C. Darby,et al.  Smart metering: what potential for householder engagement? , 2010 .

[26]  Jon May,et al.  Sensory Imagery in Craving: From Cognitive Psychology to New Treatments for Addiction , 2012 .

[27]  G. W. Fischer,et al.  Preferences for separating or combining events. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[28]  Filipe Quintal,et al.  The design of a hardware-software platform for long-term energy eco-feedback research , 2012, EICS '12.

[29]  V. Braun,et al.  Using thematic analysis in psychology , 2006 .

[30]  F. Siero,et al.  Changing organizational energy consumption behaviour through comparative feedback , 1996 .

[31]  Li Shao,et al.  Promoting behaviour change through personalized energy feedback in offices , 2013 .

[32]  Sarah C. Darby,et al.  Energy feedback in buildings: improving the infrastructure for demand reduction , 2008 .

[33]  S. O'Neill,et al.  On the use of imagery for climate change engagement , 2013 .

[34]  Muhammad Imran,et al.  Individual energy use and feedback in an office setting: A field trial , 2013 .

[35]  Michael Nye,et al.  Re-materialising energy use through transparent monitoring systems , 2008 .

[36]  Graeme Stuart,et al.  Moving beyond feedback: energy behaviour and local engagement in the United Kingdom , 2015 .

[37]  R. Zajonc On the primacy of affect. , 1984 .

[38]  Richard N. L. Andrews,et al.  Energy use, behavioral change, and business organizations: Reviewing recent findings and proposing a future research agenda , 2016 .

[39]  Hung-Ming Chen,et al.  Persuasive feedback model for inducing energy conservation behaviors of building users based on interaction with a virtual object , 2012 .

[40]  A. Bryman Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: how is it done? , 2006 .

[41]  J. Thøgersen How May Consumer Policy Empower Consumers for Sustainable Lifestyles? , 2005 .

[42]  J. Thøgersen,et al.  Electricity saving in households--A social cognitive approach , 2010 .

[43]  Corinna Fischer Feedback on household electricity consumption: a tool for saving energy? , 2008 .

[44]  C. Stride,et al.  Using the theory of planned behavior to explore environmental behavioral intentions in the workplace , 2013 .

[45]  Eli Blevis,et al.  Energy aware dwelling: a critical survey of interaction design for eco-visualizations , 2008, OZCHI.

[46]  Niamh Murtagh,et al.  20∶60∶20 - Differences in Energy Behaviour and Conservation between and within Households with Electricity Monitors , 2014, PloS one.