Experiences with vaccination in countries endemically infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza: the Food and Agriculture Organization perspective.

Vaccination has been used extensively for the control and prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused by viruses of the H5N1 subtype in endemically infected countries. The Food and Agriculture Organization views vaccination as a legitimate aid in the control and prevention of infection and disease caused by HPAI viruses but does not see it as a panacea. Vaccination should be used as just one in a number of measures used together to reduce the effect and risk of infection. It will be required for a considerable time in endemically infected countries. The methods used in Vietnam in implementing blanket vaccination against H5N1 HPAI viruses demonstrate the steps that should be considered when introducing vaccination. So far, it has not been possible to determine the precise effect of vaccination in endemically infected countries because it has been used in combination with other measures. Well managed vaccination campaigns will reduce the incidence of infection in poultry and therefore reduce the risk to humans from these viruses. Vaccination was implemented to protect both poultry and humans, with a major goal being to reduce the risk of emergence of a human influenza pandemic virus. Economic analysis of vaccination should focus on cost-effectiveness of proposed strategies. Ex-ante and ex-post evaluation of vaccination campaigns should take into account the benefits generated in the poultry sector and for human health.

[1]  Y. Guan,et al.  An Update on Avian Influenza in Hong Kong 2002 , 2003, Avian diseases.

[2]  I. Brown,et al.  Multicontinental Epidemic of H5N1 HPAI Virus (1996–2007) , 2009 .

[3]  V. Hinshaw,et al.  Specific antibody responses and generation of antigenic variants in chickens immunized against a virulent avian influenza virus. , 1990, Avian diseases.

[4]  N. Tien,et al.  Risk Factors for Human Infection with Avian Influenza A H5N1, Vietnam, 2004 , 2006, Emerging infectious diseases.

[5]  Hualan Chen,et al.  Epidemiology and Control of H5N1 Avian Influenza in China , 2008 .

[6]  J. Rushton,et al.  Impact of avian influenza outbreaks in the poultry sectors of five South East Asian countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Viet Nam) outbreak costs, responses and potential long term control , 2005 .

[7]  J. Peiris,et al.  Use of avian influenza vaccination in Hong Kong. , 2006, Developments in biologicals.

[8]  P. Ellis,et al.  AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE SWINE FEVER ERADICATION PROGRAMME IN GREAT BRITAIN Using cost-benefit analysis techniques , 1972 .

[9]  Gavin J. D. Smith,et al.  The development and genetic diversity of H5N1 influenza virus in China, 1996-2006. , 2008, Virology.

[10]  B. C. Pass,et al.  Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) , 1979 .

[11]  D. Swayne.  Avian influenza vaccines and therapies for poultry. , 2009, Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases.

[12]  J. Rushton,et al.  Economic issues in vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza in developing countries. , 2007, Developments in biologicals.

[13]  睦代 門平,et al.  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) , 2002, International Organizations and the Law of the Sea 2001.

[14]  V. Martin,et al.  Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Asia , 2005, Veterinary Record.

[15]  M. Rowland,et al.  Economic costs of the foot and mouth disease outbreak in the United Kingdom in 2001. , 2002, Revue scientifique et technique.

[16]  F. Roger,et al.  Avian influenza vaccines: a practical review in relation to their application in the field with a focus on the Asian experience , 2008, Epidemiology and Infection.

[17]  N. Cox,et al.  Genetic characterization of the pathogenic influenza A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus: similarity of its hemagglutinin gene to those of H5N1 viruses from the 1997 outbreaks in Hong Kong. , 1999, Virology.

[18]  L. Sims.  Lessons Learned from Asian H5N1 Outbreak Control , 2007, Avian diseases.

[19]  J. Rushton.  Economic aspects of foot and mouth disease in Bolivia. , 2008, Revue scientifique et technique.

[20]  C. Squarzoni,et al.  Experience in control of avian influenza in Africa. , 2007, Developments in biologicals.

[21]  S. Harris,et al.  A cost-benefit evaluation of alternative control policies for foot-and-mouth disease in Great Britain , 1973 .