Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins: conserved molecular properties for multiple biological functions.

The evolutionarily-conserved eukaryotic SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) proteins are ubiquitous chromosomal components in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The eukaryotic SMC proteins form two kind of heterodimers: the SMC1/SMC3 and the SMC2/SMC4 types. These heterodimers constitute an essential part of higher order complexes, which are involved in chromatin and DNA dynamics. The two most prominent and best-characterized complexes are cohesin and condensin, necessary for sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome condensation. Here we discuss these functions together with additional roles in gene dosage compensation and DNA recombination.

[1]  A. Strunnikov,et al.  Characterization of the components of the putative mammalian sister chromatid cohesion complex. , 1999, Gene.

[2]  M. Christman,et al.  The Topoisomerase-related Function Gene TRF4 Affects Cellular Sensitivity to the Antitumor Agent Camptothecin* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[3]  R. Jessberger,et al.  Cloning and characterization of mammalian SMC1 and SMC3 genes and proteins, components of the DNA recombination complexes RC-1. , 1999, Gene.

[4]  P. Hieter,et al.  Ctf7p is essential for sister chromatid cohesion and links mitotic chromosome structure to the DNA replication machinery. , 1999, Genes & development.

[5]  K. Nasmyth,et al.  Yeast cohesin complex requires a conserved protein, Eco1p(Ctf7), to establish cohesion between sister chromatids during DNA replication. , 1999, Genes & development.

[6]  M. Jasin,et al.  Double-strand break repair by interchromosomal recombination: suppression of chromosomal translocations. , 1998, Genes & development.

[7]  R. Uzbekov,et al.  pEg7, a New Xenopus Protein Required for Mitotic Chromosome Condensation in Egg Extracts , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[8]  A. Murray,et al.  Sister chromatid cohesion in mitosis. , 1998, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[9]  T. Hirano,et al.  ATP‐dependent aggregation of single‐stranded DNA by a bacterial SMC homodimer , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[10]  J. Jiricny.  Replication errors: cha(lle)nging the genome , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[11]  A. Strunnikov,et al.  SMC proteins and chromosome structure. , 1998, Trends in cell biology.

[12]  M. Yanagida,et al.  Faithful anaphase is ensured by Mis4, a sister chromatid cohesion molecule required in S phase and not destroyed in G1 phase. , 1998, Genes & development.

[13]  R. Losick,et al.  Subcellular Localization of Bacillus subtilis SMC, a Protein Involved in Chromosome Condensation and Segregation , 1998, Journal of bacteriology.

[14]  S. Zhou,et al.  Identification of two distinct human SMC protein complexes involved in mitotic chromosome dynamics. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  R. Kobayashi,et al.  Phosphorylation and activation of 13S condensin by Cdc2 in vitro. , 1998, Science.

[16]  Kim Nasmyth,et al.  Cohesion between sister chromatids must be established during DNA replication , 1998, Current Biology.

[17]  H. Erickson,et al.  The Symmetrical Structure of Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) and MukB Proteins: Long, Antiparallel Coiled Coils, Folded at a Flexible Hinge , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[18]  R. Jessberger,et al.  Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes Protein C-terminal Domains Bind Preferentially to DNA with Secondary Structure* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[19]  K. Asai,et al.  A Bacillus subtilis gene‐encoding protein homologous to eukaryotic SMC motor protein is necessary for chromosome partition , 1998, Molecular microbiology.

[20]  T. Hirano,et al.  Identification of Xenopus SMC protein complexes required for sister chromatid cohesion. , 1998, Genes & development.

[21]  T. Hirano.  SMC protein complexes and higher-order chromosome dynamics. , 1998, Current opinion in cell biology.

[22]  S. Evans,et al.  Isolation of the Aspergillus nidulans sudD gene and its human homologue. , 1998, Gene.

[23]  A. Grossman,et al.  Characterization of a prokaryotic SMC protein involved in chromosome partitioning. , 1998, Genes & development.

[24]  M. Jasin,et al.  Homology-directed repair is a major double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  R. Jessberger,et al.  Chromosome dynamics: the SMC protein family. , 1998, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[26]  Y. Takai,et al.  Complex Formation of SMAP/KAP3, a KIF3A/B ATPase Motor-associated Protein, with a Human Chromosome-associated Polypeptide* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[27]  D. Gottschling,et al.  Chromosome dynamics: Yeast pulls it apart , 1998, Current Biology.

[28]  J. Lieb,et al.  MIX-1: An Essential Component of the C. elegans Mitotic Machinery Executes X Chromosome Dosage Compensation , 1998, Cell.

[29]  F. Perler,et al.  Protein Splicing of Inteins and Hedgehog Autoproteolysis: Structure, Function, and Evolution , 1998, Cell.

[30]  V. Guacci,et al.  A Direct Link between Sister Chromatid Cohesion and Chromosome Condensation Revealed through the Analysis of MCD1 in S. cerevisiae , 1997, Cell.

[31]  K. Nasmyth,et al.  Cohesins: Chromosomal Proteins that Prevent Premature Separation of Sister Chromatids , 1997, Cell.

[32]  M. Heck,et al.  Condensins, Cohesins, and Chromosome Architecture: How to Make and Break a Mitotic Chromosome , 1997, Cell.

[33]  K. Kimura,et al.  ATP-Dependent Positive Supercoiling of DNA by 13S Condensin: A Biochemical Implication for Chromosome Condensation , 1997, Cell.

[34]  M. Yanagida,et al.  DNA renaturation activity of the SMC complex implicated in chromosome condensation , 1997, Nature.

[35]  R. Kobayashi,et al.  Condensins, Chromosome Condensation Protein Complexes Containing XCAP-C, XCAP-E and a Xenopus Homolog of the Drosophila Barren Protein , 1997, Cell.

[36]  B. Meyer,et al.  SDC-3 coordinates the assembly of a dosage compensation complex on the nematode X chromosome. , 1997, Development.

[37]  Z. Kelman.  PCNA: structure, functions and interactions , 1997, Oncogene.

[38]  H. Bellen,et al.  Chromatid Segregation at Anaphase Requires the barren Product, a Novel Chromosome-Associated Protein That Interacts with Topoisomerase II , 1996, Cell.

[39]  J. Lieb,et al.  Sex-Specific Assembly of a Dosage Compensation Complex on the Nematode X Chromosome , 1996, Science.

[40]  J. Lieb,et al.  DPY-26, a Link Between Dosage Compensation and Meiotic Chromosome Segregation in the Nematode , 1996, Science.

[41]  Andrew W. Murray,et al.  GFP tagging of budding yeast chromosomes reveals that protein–protein interactions can mediate sister chromatid cohesion , 1996, Current Biology.

[42]  P. Brzoska,et al.  Mitotic chromosome condensation in the rDNA requires TRF4 and DNA topoisomerase I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1996, Genes & development.

[43]  R. Jessberger,et al.  SMC proteins constitute two subunits of the mammalian recombination complex RC‐1. , 1996, The EMBO journal.

[44]  B. Ganetzky,et al.  Molecular characterization of neurally expressing genes in the para sodium channel gene cluster of drosophila. , 1996, Genetics.

[45]  G. May,et al.  An extragenic suppressor of the mitosis-defective bimD6 mutation of Aspergillus nidulans codes for a chromosome scaffold protein. , 1996, Genetics.

[46]  R. Jessberger,et al.  Analysis of the mammalian recombination protein complex RC-1. , 1996, Mutation research.

[47]  U. K. Laemmli,et al.  SARs are cis DNA elements of chromosome dynamics: Synthesis of a SAR repressor protein , 1995, Cell.

[48]  F. Z. Watts,et al.  The rad18 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe defines a new subgroup of the SMC superfamily involved in DNA repair , 1995, Molecular and cellular biology.

[49]  J. Bähler,et al.  The rec8 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is involved in linear element formation, chromosome pairing and sister-chromatid cohesion during meiosis. , 1995, Genetics.

[50]  T. Hirano,et al.  Biochemical and genetic dissection of mitotic chromosome condensation. , 1995, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[51]  M. Yanagida.  Frontier questions about sister chromatid separation in anaphase , 1995, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[52]  S. Gasser,et al.  Chromosome Structure: Coiling up chromosomes , 1995, Current Biology.

[53]  R. Birkenbihl,et al.  The rad21 Gene Product of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Is a Nuclear, Cell Cycle-regulated Phosphoprotein (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[54]  R. Kelly.  Neural Transmission: Synaptotagmin is just a calcium sensor , 1995, Current Biology.

[55]  D. Koshland,et al.  SMC2, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene essential for chromosome segregation and condensation, defines a subgroup within the SMC family. , 1995, Genes & development.

[56]  C. Peterson.  The SMC family: Novel motor proteins for chromosome condensation? , 1994, Cell.

[57]  W. Earnshaw,et al.  ScII: an abundant chromosome scaffold protein is a member of a family of putative ATPases with an unusual predicted tertiary structure , 1994, The Journal of cell biology.

[58]  M. Yanagida,et al.  Fission yeast cut3 and cut14, members of a ubiquitous protein family, are required for chromosome condensation and segregation in mitosis. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[59]  D. Koshland,et al.  SMC1: an essential yeast gene encoding a putative head-rod-tail protein is required for nuclear division and defines a new ubiquitous protein family , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[60]  R. Jessberger,et al.  A mammalian protein complex that repairs double-strand breaks and deletions by recombination. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[61]  R. Birkenbihl,et al.  Cloning and characterization of rad21 an essential gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe involved in DNA double-strand-break repair. , 1992, Nucleic acids research.

[62]  W. Earnshaw,et al.  The inner centromere protein (INCENP) antigens: movement from inner centromere to midbody during mitosis , 1987, The Journal of cell biology.

[63]  P. Perry,et al.  Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by thymidine and the potentiation of mutagen-induced SCEs in Chinese hamster ovary cells. , 1983, Mutation research.

[64]  J. Walker,et al.  Distantly related sequences in the alpha‐ and beta‐subunits of ATP synthase, myosin, kinases and other ATP‐requiring enzymes and a common nucleotide binding fold. , 1982, The EMBO journal.

[65]  A. Varshavsky,et al.  Arrest of segregation leads to accumulation of highly intertwined catenated dimers: Dissection of the final stages of SV40 DNA replication , 1981, Cell.

[66]  S. Latt,et al.  Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by BUdR is largely independent of the BUdR content of DNA , 1980, Nature.

[67]  T. Hirano,et al.  SMC-mediated chromosome mechanics: a conserved scheme from bacteria to vertebrates? , 1999, Genes & development.

[68]  K. Tatebayashi,et al.  The RHC21 gene of budding yeast, a homologue of the fission yeast rad21 +gene, is essential for chromosome segregation , 1998, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

[69]  M. Durante,et al.  A simple method for simultaneous interphase-metaphase chromosome analysis in biodosimetry. , 1998, International journal of radiation biology.

[70]  D. Koshland,et al.  Mitotic chromosome condensation. , 1996, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[71]  W. Y. Miyazaki,et al.  Sister-chromatid cohesion in mitosis and meiosis. , 1994, Annual review of genetics.

[72]  K. Wise,et al.  A Mycoplasma hyorhinis protein with sequence similarities to nucleotide-binding enzymes. , 1991, Gene.

[73]  S. Latt.  Sister chromatid exchange formation. , 1981, Annual review of genetics.