Evaluation of the effect of toluene (produced water component) on some blood cells and enzymes of Clarias gariepinus

Most aquatic ecosystems are defiled on a daily basis as a result of industrial and anthropogenic releases. In the Niger Delta ecosystem, there are a number of industries such as petroleum refinery, petrochemical industries, liquefied natural gas industry, fertilizer plant, aluminium smelting plant and a lot more sited either on the bank or close to banks of the estuaries.1 These industries discharge their partially treated and untreated effluent into the estuary.2 The world consumed over 62 quadrillion BTU (British thermal unit) of petroleum and natural gas based energy resources in 2012,3 and demand continue to rise as the global population grows and per capital gross domestic product (GDP) and energy consumption increase.4 Crude oil and natural gas produced from offshore oilfields usually are extracted from subsea geological formations as part of an oilgas-water emulsion.5 The volume of water associated with oil is typically low during early stages of production, but may increase to several times the volume of oil produced towards the end of a well’s lifespan.5 According to Fakhru l-Razi et al.,6 once this water has been separated from the oil and gas, it is known as produced water and becomes a waste material that is most commonly either discharged to sea or injected into the hydrocarbon-bearing formation to enhance oil production or into another subsea formation for disposal.

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