How Do Children Solve Aesop's Fable?

Studies on members of the crow family using the “Aesop's Fable” paradigm have revealed remarkable abilities in these birds, and suggested a mechanism by which associative learning and folk physics may interact when learning new problems. In the present study, children between 4 and 10 years of age were tested on the same tasks as the birds. Overall the performance of the children between 5–7-years was similar to that of the birds, while children from 8-years were able to succeed in all tasks from the first trial. However the pattern of performance across tasks suggested that different learning mechanisms might be being employed by children than by adult birds. Specifically, it is possible that in children, unlike corvids, performance is not affected by counter-intuitive mechanism cues.

[1]  J. Piaget The Child's Conception of Physical Causality , 1927 .

[2]  J. Piaget The child's construction of reality , 1954 .

[3]  M. Blank,et al.  The potency of context in children's cognition: An illustration through conservation. , 1974 .

[4]  Robert S. Siegler,et al.  Effects of contiguity, regularity, and age on children's causal inferences. , 1974 .

[5]  R. Siegler Defining the Locus of Developmental Differences in Children's Causal Reasoning. , 1975 .

[6]  T. Shultz,et al.  The Use of Covariation as a Principle of Causal Analysis. , 1975 .

[7]  Thomas R. Shultz,et al.  Covariation and temporal contiguity as principles of causal inference in young children , 1976 .

[8]  M. Bullock Preschool children's understanding of causal connections , 1984 .

[9]  Barbara Koslowski,et al.  When covariation is not enough: The role of causal mechanism, sampling method, and sample size in causal reasoning. , 1989 .

[10]  A Schlottmann,et al.  Seeing it happen and knowing how it works: how children understand the relation between perceptual causality and underlying mechanism. , 1999, Developmental psychology.

[11]  Anne Schlottmann,et al.  Perception Versus Knowledge of Cause and Effect in Children: When Seeing Is Believing , 2001 .

[12]  David M. Sobel,et al.  Causal learning mechanisms in very young children: two-, three-, and four-year-olds infer causal relations from patterns of variation and covariation. , 2001, Developmental psychology.

[13]  A. Whiten,et al.  Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens) , 2005, Animal Cognition.

[14]  David M. Sobel,et al.  Blickets and babies: the development of causal reasoning in toddlers and infants. , 2006, Developmental psychology.

[15]  Christopher D. Bird,et al.  Rooks Use Stones to Raise the Water Level to Reach a Floating Worm , 2009, Current Biology.

[16]  Lydia M. Hopper,et al.  Emulation, imitation, over-imitation and the scope of culture for child and chimpanzee , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[17]  Nathan J Emery,et al.  Insightful problem solving and creative tool modification by captive nontool-using rooks , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[18]  V. Jaswal,et al.  Believing what you’re told: Young children’s trust in unexpected testimony about the physical world , 2010, Cognitive Psychology.

[19]  J. Woodward,et al.  Just do it? Investigating the gap between prediction and action in toddlers’ causal inferences , 2010, Cognition.

[20]  Nicola S. Clayton,et al.  Tool-use and instrumental learning in the Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius) , 2011, Animal Cognition.

[21]  A. Whiten,et al.  From over-imitation to super-copying: adults imitate causally irrelevant aspects of tool use with higher fidelity than young children. , 2011, British journal of psychology.

[22]  Jackie Chappell,et al.  Making tools isn’t child’s play , 2011, Cognition.

[23]  Nicola S. Clayton,et al.  New Caledonian Crows Learn the Functional Properties of Novel Tool Types , 2011, PloS one.

[24]  Daniel C. Richardson,et al.  Infants learn about objects from statistics and people. , 2011, Developmental psychology.

[25]  J. Call,et al.  Comparing the Performances of Apes (Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus) and Human Children (Homo sapiens) in the Floating Peanut Task , 2011, PloS one.