Influence of Temperature and pH on Antimonate Adsorption by Gibbsite, Goethite, and Kaolinite

Abstract Antimony is one of the least abundant elements in natural environments. However, elevated environmental concentrations of Sb may arise from anthropogenic sources. The element has no known biological function, has high acute toxicity, and is known to induce chronic health effects. In the environment, Sb is commonly found in the anionic Sb(V) (antimonate) form where the mechanism of retention in soil and sediment is adsorption, via outer-sphere or inner-sphere complexation by variable-charge mineral surfaces. The type of adsorption mechanism dictates Sb environmental mobility and bioaccessibility. The objectives of this study were to characterize the adsorption of Sb(V) by the common soil minerals: gibbsite, kaolinite, and goethite as a function pH, Sb(V) concentration, and temperature. The results are interpreted to provide information on the general mechanism of Sb(V) retention, adsorption intensity, and capacity. Antimonate adsorption by all 3 minerals decreases with increasing pH. The adsorption isotherms are described by the Freundlich and the one- or 2-site Langmuir models. The adsorption of Sb(V) by aluminol (≡AlOH) groups on gibbsite and kaolinite is divided into high intensity–low capacity and low intensity–high capacity components. In pH 5.5 systems, both endothermic (inner-sphere) and exothermic (outer-sphere) adsorption is observed. In pH 8 systems, only exothermic adsorption is observed. Antimony adsorption by goethite ≡ FeOH groups is high intensity and endothermic in both pH 5.5 and 8 conditions. The interpretations of the adsorption isotherm data are consistent with surface spectroscopy and surface complexation modeling results.

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