Early life drought predicts components of adult body size in wild female baboons

Objectives In many taxa, adverse early-life environments are associated with reduced growth and smaller body size in adulthood. However, in wild primates, we know very little about whether, where, and to what degree trajectories are influenced by early adversity, or which types of early adversity matter most. Here, we use parallel-laser photogrammetry to assess inter-individual predictors of three measures of body size (leg length, forearm length, and shoulder-rump length) in a population of wild female baboons studied since birth. Materials and Methods Using >2,000 photogrammetric measurements of 127 females, we present a cross-sectional growth curve of wild female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) from juvenescence through adulthood. We then test whether females exposed to three important sources of early-life adversity - drought, maternal loss, or a cumulative measure of adversity – were smaller for their age than females who experienced less adversity. Using the ‘animal model’, we also test whether body size is heritable in this study population. Results Prolonged early-life drought predicted shorter limbs but not shorter torsos (i.e., shoulder-rump lengths). Our other two measures of early-life adversity did not predict any variation in body size. Heritability estimates for body size measures were 36%-58%. Maternal effects accounted for 13%-22% of the variance in leg and forearm length, but no variance in torso length. Discussion Our results suggest that baboon limbs, but not torsos, grow plastically in response to maternal effects and energetic early-life stress. Our results also reveal considerable heritability for all three body size measures in this study population.