Protein kinase activity of the glycolytic enzyme PGK1 regulates autophagy to promote tumorigenesis

ABSTRACT Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular defense response to stress conditions and is crucial for cell homeostasis maintenance. However, the precise mechanism underlying autophagy initiation, especially in response to glutamine deprivation and hypoxia, is yet to be explored. We recently discovered that PGK1 (phosphoglycerate kinase 1), a glycolytic enzyme, functions as a protein kinase, phosphorylating BECN1/Beclin 1 to initiate autophagy. Under glutamine deprivation or hypoxia stimulation, PGK1 is acetylated at K388 by NAA10/ARD1 in an MTOR-inhibition-dependent manner, leading to the interaction between PGK1 and BECN1 and the subsequent phosphorylation of BECN1 at S30 by PGK1. This phosphorylation enhances ATG14-associated PIK3C3/VPS34-BECN1-PIK3R4/VPS15 complex activity, thereby increasing phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) generation in the initiation stage of autophagy. Furthermore, NAA10-dependent PGK1 acetylation and PGK1-dependent BECN1 phosphorylation are required for glutamine deprivation- and hypoxia-induced autophagy and brain tumor formation. Our work reveals the important dual roles of PGK1 as a glycolytic enzyme and a protein kinase in the mutual regulation of cell metabolism and autophagy in maintaining cell homeostasis.