Exosome-based Therapy for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

progression of mild to moderate IPF, and that serum periostin has limited utility as a predictive biomarker. Given the complex pathogenesis of IPF, their finding that IL-13 is not a core pathway of fibrosis and proposal that modulating multiple pathophysiological fibrotic pathways may be required for treatment success are perhaps not unexpected; however, this conclusion must be considered within the context of an RCT with a very high screen failure rate, the biased inclusion of a potentially atypical population of patients, a high discontinuation rate, and early study termination. Findings from an ongoing study of the anti–IL-13 agent lebrikizumab (NCT01872689) are awaited that will further inform any role for therapeutic targeting of IL-13 in IPF. n