The Second ECVAM Workshop on Phototoxicity Testing

This is the report of the forty-second of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). ECVAM was established in 1992 by the Commission of the European Communities (EC) to carry into effect article 23 of Council Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes (1). ECVAM is part of the Institute for Health & Consumer Protection (IHCP) of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, located ATLA 28, 777–814, 2000 777

[1]  U. Pfannenbecker,et al.  The Red Blood Cell Phototoxicity Test (Photohaemolysis and Haemoglobin Oxidation): EU/COLIPA Validation Programme on Phototoxicity (Phase II) , 2001, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

[2]  P. Jones,et al.  Evaluation of mechanistic in vitro tests for the discrimination of photoallergic and photoirritant potential. , 2000, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

[3]  L. Marrot,et al.  Differences in the photogenotoxic potential of two fluoroquinolones as shown in diploid yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisae) and supercoiled plasmid DNA. , 2000, Mutation research.

[4]  M. Barratt,et al.  Comparison of an in vitro cellular phototoxicity model against controlled clinical trials of fluoroquinolone skin phototoxicity. , 2000, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[5]  J. Castell,et al.  Tiaprofenic Acid-photosensitized Damage to Nucleic Acids: A Mechanistic Study Using Complementary in vitro Approaches , 2000, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[6]  G. Plewig,et al.  Photopatch testing: the 12-year experience of the German, Austrian, and Swiss photopatch test group. , 2000, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[7]  Justin J. Richards,et al.  Evaluation of Phototoxic Potential of Gemifloxacin in Healthy Volunteers Compared with Ciprofloxacin , 1999, Chemotherapy.

[8]  P. Kasper,et al.  The application of the micronucleus test in Chinese hamster V79 cells to detect drug-induced photogenotoxicity. , 1999, Mutation research.

[9]  A. Ryu,et al.  In Vitro Alternatives and Phototoxicity Testing. I. Evaluation of In Vitro Phototoxicity Assays , 1999, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

[10]  F. A. de la Iglesia,et al.  In vitro photogenotoxic activity of clinafloxacin: a paradigm predicting photocarcinogenicity. , 1999, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[11]  J Ferguson,et al.  Fluoroquinolone phototoxicity: a comparison of moxifloxacin and lomefloxacin in normal volunteers. , 1999, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[12]  A. Jacobs,et al.  Does Photosensitivity Predict Photococarcinogenicity? , 1999 .

[13]  Robert Combes,et al.  The Use of Human Keratinocytes in the EU/COLIPA International In Vitro Phototoxicity Test Validation Study and the ECVAM/COLIPA Study on UV Filter Chemicals , 1999, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

[14]  R. Snyder,et al.  Photogenotoxicity of Fluoroquinolones in Chinese Hamster V79 Cells: Dependency on Active Topoisomerase II , 1999, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[15]  N. Traynor,et al.  Recent developments in fluoroquinolone phototoxicity , 1999, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[16]  S Albertini,et al.  The photomutagenicity of fluoroquinolones and other drugs. , 1998, Toxicology letters.

[17]  P. Kasper,et al.  Photochemical genotoxicity and photochemical carcinogenesis--two sides of a coin? , 1998, Toxicology letters.

[18]  H. Schuppe,et al.  An integrated model for the differentiation of chemical-induced allergic and irritant skin reactions. , 1998, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[19]  Michael Balls,et al.  A Study on UV Filter Chemicals from Annex VII of European Union Directive 76/768/EEC, in the In Vitro 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test , 1998, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

[20]  L. Marrot,et al.  An in vitro strategy to evaluate the phototoxicity of solar UV at the molecular and cellular level: application to photoprotection assessment. , 1998, European journal of dermatology : EJD.

[21]  O. Götze Hans Joachim Müller-Eberhard (1927-1998) , 1998 .

[22]  M Liebsch,et al.  The International EU/COLIPA In Vitro Phototoxicity Validation Study: Results of Phase II (Blind Trial). Part 1: The 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test. , 1998, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[23]  O. Kozawa,et al.  Effects of several agents on UVB- and UVA plus systemic fluoroquinolone-induced erythema of guinea pig skin evaluated by reflectance colorimetry. , 1998, Free radical biology & medicine.

[24]  B. Homey,et al.  A modified murine local lymph node assay for the differentiation of contact photoallergy from phototoxicity by analysis of cytokine expression in skin-draining lymph node cells. , 1998, Toxicology.

[25]  N. Traynor,et al.  Photogenotoxicity of Skin Phototumorigenic Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Detected Using the Comet Assay , 1997, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[26]  J. Saloga,et al.  Flow-cytometric screening for the modulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis in human dendritic cells: implications for the development of an in vitro technique for predictive testing of contact sensitizers. , 1997, Journal of immunological methods.

[27]  R. Stern,et al.  Malignant melanoma in patients treated for psoriasis with methoxsalen (psoralen) and ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA). The PUVA Follow-Up Study. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  O. Damour,et al.  Use of dermal equivalent and skin equivalent models for identifying phototoxic compounds in vitro , 1997, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[29]  N. Gibbs,et al.  Quinolone antibiotic with potential to photosensitize skin tumorigenesis. , 1997, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[30]  F. Urbach,et al.  Fluoroquinolone antibacterials enhance UVA-induced skin tumors. , 1997, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[31]  J. Geier,et al.  Olaquindox‐induced airborne photoallergic contact dermatitis followed by transient or persistent light reactions in 15 pig breeders , 1996, Contact dermatitis.

[32]  R. Schiestl,et al.  Effect of Salmonella assay negative and positive carcinogens on intrachromosomal recombination in S-phase arrested yeast cells. , 1996, Mutation research.

[33]  N. Traynor,et al.  Photohaemolysis assay for drug phototoxicity complicated by 'bleaching' of released haemoglobin. , 1996, Toxicology in Vitro.

[34]  S Albertini,et al.  The photomutagenicity of fluoroquinolones in tests for gene mutation, chromosomal aberration, gene conversion and DNA breakage (Comet assay). , 1996, Mutagenesis.

[35]  Emanuela Corsini,et al.  Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation Testing , 1996 .

[36]  P. Forbes Relevance of Animal Models of Photocarcinogenesis to Humans , 1996, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[37]  L. Roza,et al.  The Role of DNA Damage and Repair in Ultraviolet B Radiation‐Induced Immunomodulation: Relevance for Human Photocarcinogenesis , 1996, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[38]  M Liebsch,et al.  application of the human dermal model skin(2) ZK 1350 to phototoxicity and skin corrosivity testing. , 1995, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[39]  S. Schauder,et al.  Empfehlung einer Photopatch-Test Standardreihe durch die deutschsprachige Arbeitsgruppe „Photopatch-Test“ , 1995, Der Hautarzt.

[40]  D. Averbeck,et al.  Induction of the genes RAD54 and RNR2 by various DNA damaging agents in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1994, Mutation research.

[41]  U. Pfannenbecker,et al.  Combined in vitro assay for photohaemolysis and haemoglobin oxidation as part of a phototoxicity test system assessed with various phototoxic substances. , 1994, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[42]  M Liebsch,et al.  EEC/COLIPA project on in vitro phototoxicity testing: First results obtained with a Balb/c 3T3 cell phototoxicity assay. , 1994, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[43]  M Liebsch,et al.  Quantitative in vitro assessment of phototoxicity using a human skin model, Skin2. , 1994, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[44]  R. Stern,et al.  The carcinogenic risk of treatments for severe psoriasis , 1994, Cancer.

[45]  G. Plewig,et al.  Pattern analysis of photopatch test reactions. , 1994, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[46]  H. Schuppe,et al.  Detection of photoreactivity demonstrated in a modified local lymph node assay in mice. , 1994, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[47]  R. Schiestl,et al.  Evaluation of the yeast DEL assay with 10 compounds selected by the International Program on Chemical Safety for the evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens. , 1994, Mutation research.

[48]  S Albertini,et al.  Photomutagenesis test development: I. 8-Methoxypsoralen, chlorpromazine and sunscreen compounds in bacterial and yeast assays. , 1993, Mutation research.

[49]  J. Dresp,et al.  Photomutagenesis test development: II. 8-Methoxypsoralen, chlorpromazine and sunscreen compounds in chromosomal aberration assays using CHO cells. , 1993, Mutation research.

[50]  A. Miyoshi,et al.  Reduced phototoxicity of a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent with a methoxy group at the 8 position in mice irradiated with long-wavelength UV light , 1993, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[51]  P. McHugh,et al.  Sunlight‐induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient , 1993, FEBS letters.

[52]  J. Gardeazabal,et al.  Enoxacin-induced photosensitivity: study of two cases. , 1992, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[53]  R. Dunmore,et al.  Development of assays for the detection of photomutagenicity of chemicals during exposure to UV light--I. Assay development. , 1991, Mutagenesis.

[54]  P. Pigatto,et al.  Contact and photocontact allergy to ketoprofen: clinical and experimental study , 1990, Contact dermatitis.

[55]  D. Averbeck,et al.  Genotoxicity of bergapten and bergamot oil in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1990, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[56]  Lovell Ww,et al.  Dose-response study of ultraviolet radiation for induction of photoallergy to tetrachlorosalicylanilide in guinea pigs. , 1990 .

[57]  P. Lehmann [The German Study Group Photopatch Test]. , 1990, Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete.

[58]  M D Barratt,et al.  Molecular basis of photocontact allergy , 1990, International journal of cosmetic science.

[59]  S. Schauder [Photosensitivity following enoxacin and xipamide: combined phototoxic and photo-allergic reaction to enoxacin, photo-allergic reaction to xipamide with subsequent transient light reaction]. , 1990, Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten.

[60]  C. Ryan,et al.  Use of UVB and UVA to induce and elicit contact photoallergy in the mouse. , 1990, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[61]  D. Averbeck RECENT ADVANCES IN PSORALEN PHOTOTOXICITY MECHANISM , 1989, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[62]  C. Ryan,et al.  Contact photoallergy testing of sunscreens in guinea pigs , 1989, Contact dermatitis.

[63]  N. Mizuno,et al.  Photoallergic reaction caused by enoxacin. , 1989, Photo-dermatology.

[64]  D. Sanders,et al.  Photoallergic potential in the guinea‐pig of the nitromusk perfume ingredients musk ambrette, musk moskene, musk xylene, musk ketone, and musk tibetene , 1988, International journal of cosmetic science.

[65]  H. Hönigsmann,et al.  Phototherapeutic, photobiologic, and photosensitizing properties of khellin. , 1988, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[66]  M. Evans,et al.  [Photosensitization]. , 1987, Zeitschrift fur Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten.

[67]  E. Buehler,et al.  Phototoxicity, photoallergy, and contact sensitization of nitro musk perfume raw materials , 1986, Contact dermatitis.

[68]  C. Winterbourn Free-radical production and oxidative reactions of hemoglobin. , 1985, Environmental health perspectives.

[69]  D. Averbeck Relationship between lesions photoinduced by mono- and bi-functional furocoumarins in DNA and genotoxic effects in diploid yeast. , 1985, Mutation research.

[70]  H. Maguire,et al.  Experimental photoallergy to systemic drugs. , 1985, Journal of Investigative Dermatology.

[71]  E. Buehler,et al.  Use of the occlusive patch to evaluate the photosensitive properties of chemicals in guinea-pigs. , 1985, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[72]  S. Schauder How to avoid phototoxic reactions in photopatch testing with chlorpromazine. , 1985, Photo-dermatology.

[73]  T. Maurer Experimental contact photoallergenicity: guinea pig models. , 1984, Photo-dermatology.

[74]  Y. Miyachi,et al.  Mechanisms of contact photosensitivity in mice. III. Predictive testing of chemicals with photoallergenic potential in mice. , 1983, Archives of dermatology.

[75]  H C Maguire,et al.  Experimental photoallergic contact dermatitis: a mouse model. , 1982, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[76]  A. Kligman,et al.  Human models for identification of photosensitizing chemicals. , 1982, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[77]  W. Jordan The guinea pig as a model for predicting photoallergic contact dermatitis , 1982, Contact dermatitis.

[78]  R. Armstrong,et al.  Photoallergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs: improved induction technique using Freund's complete adjuvant. , 1981, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[79]  A. Kligman,et al.  Photosensitization by Coumarin Derivatives: Structure-Activity Relationships , 1981 .

[80]  C J Gomer,et al.  DNA damage and repair in CHO cells following hematoporphyrin photoradiation. , 1980, Cancer letters.

[81]  A M Kligman,et al.  Photomaximization test for identifying photoallergic contact sensitizers , 1980, Contact dermatitis.

[82]  D. Averbeck,et al.  Genetic effect of 3-carbethoxypsoralen, angelicin, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365-nm irradiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: induction of reversions, mitotic crossing-over, gene conversion and cytoplasmic "petite" mutations. , 1979, Mutation research.

[83]  G. Zalar,et al.  Assay of contact photosensitivity to musk ambrette in guinea pigs. , 1979, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[84]  A. Kligman,et al.  Photocontact allergy to 6‐methylcoumarin , 1978, Contact dermatitis.

[85]  A. Kligman,et al.  Identification of topical photosensitizing agents in humans. , 1978, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[86]  F. Geubelle,et al.  A SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE FOR THE USE OF THE “BLAST‐LIKE TRANSFORMATION” OF LYMPHOCYTES IN CULTURE AS A ROUTINE CLINICAL TEST RESULTS IN A GROUP OF ALLERGIC CHILDREN , 1971, Acta allergologica.

[87]  G. Kahn,et al.  Red blood cell hemolysis by photosensitizing compounds. , 1971, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[88]  L. Harber,et al.  Contact photosensitivity patterns to halogenated salicylanilides in man and guinea pigs. , 1967, Archives of dermatology.

[89]  B. Homey,et al.  An intra-laboratory validation of the Integrated Model for the Differentiation of Skin Reactions (IMDS): discrimination between (photo)allergic and (photo)irritant skin reactions in mice , 2000, Archives of Toxicology.

[90]  R. Snyder,et al.  Considerations on photochemical genotoxicity: Report of the International Workshop on Genotoxicity Test Procedures Working Group , 2000, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[91]  H. Muller Ozone Sun Cancer: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Prevention , 1999 .

[92]  A. M. Api,et al.  In vitro assessment of phototoxicity , 1997 .

[93]  Spielmann Horst,et al.  Practical Aspects of the Validation of Toxicity Test Procedures , 1995 .

[94]  D. Averbeck,et al.  Evaluation of phototoxic and photogenotoxic risk associated with the use of photosensitizers in suntan preparations: application to tanning preparations containing bergamot oil. , 1993, Skin Pharmacology.

[95]  W. Lovell A scheme for in vitro screening of substances for photoallergenic potential. , 1993, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[96]  H. Hönigsmann,et al.  Photopatch testing: the 5-year experience of the German, Austrian, and Swiss Photopatch Test Group. , 1991, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[97]  D. Averbeck,et al.  Response to Ultraviolet Radiation in a Simple Eukaryote (Yeast): Genetic Control and Biological Consequences , 1991 .

[98]  C. Ryan,et al.  A predictive mouse ear-swelling model for investigating topical photoallergy. , 1990, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[99]  D. Sanders,et al.  Dose-response study of ultraviolet radiation for induction of photoallergy to tetrachlorosalicylanilide in guinea pigs. , 1990, Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine.

[100]  E. Walker,et al.  In Vitro Models for Cutaneous Phototoxicity , 1986 .

[101]  M D Barratt,et al.  Photochemical binding of photoallergens to human serum albumin: a simple in vitro method for screening potential photoallergens. , 1985, Toxicology letters.

[102]  P. Convert,et al.  A NEW METHOD FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF PHOTOTOXIC AND PHOTOALLERGIC POTENTIALS BY TOPICAL APPLICATIONS IN THE ALBINO GUINEA PIG , 1985 .

[103]  G. Swanbeck,et al.  Phototoxic reactions from some common drugs provoked by a high-intensity UVA lamp. , 1982, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[104]  J. Jose Photomutagenesis by chlorinated phenothiazine tranquilizers. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[105]  S. Epstein Chlorpromazine photosensitivity. Phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. , 1968, Archives of dermatology.