The impact of Sleep Time-Related Information and Communication Technology (STRICT) on sleep patterns and daytime functioning in American adolescents.

This cross-sectional study explored the extent and impact of mobile device-based Sleep Time-Related Information and Communication Technology (STRICT) use among American adolescents (N = 3139, 49.3% female, mean age = 13.3 years). Nearly 62% used STRICT after bedtime, 56.7% texted/tweeted/messaged in bed, and 20.8% awoke to texts. STRICT use was associated with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, eveningness, academic underperformance, later bedtimes and shorter sleep duration. Moderation analysis demonstrated that the association between STRICT use and insomnia increased with age, the association between STRICT use and daytime sleepiness decreased with age, and the association between STRICT use and shorter sleep duration decreased with age and was stronger in girls. Insomnia and daytime sleepiness partially mediated the relationship between STRICT use and academic underperformance. Our results illustrate the adverse interactions between adolescent STRICT use and sleep, with deleterious effects on daytime functioning. These worrisome findings suggest that placing reasonable limitations on adolescent STRICT use may be appropriate.

[1]  R. Brownson,et al.  Sleep duration and obesity-related risk factors in the rural Midwest. , 2008, Preventive medicine.

[2]  J. Stockman.  Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in U.S. Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A) , 2012 .

[3]  R. Dahl,et al.  Double trouble? The effects of sleep deprivation and chronotype on adolescent affect. , 2012, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[4]  F. Oort,et al.  Chronic sleep reduction in adolescents , 2012 .

[5]  D. Berckmans,et al.  The influence of pre-sleep cognitive arousal on sleep onset processes. , 2010, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[6]  M. Hagberg,et al.  Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults - a prospective cohort study , 2011, BMC public health.

[7]  P. Veugelers,et al.  Availability and night‐time use of electronic entertainment and communication devices are associated with short sleep duration and obesity among Canadian children , 2013, Pediatric obesity.

[8]  T. Paiva,et al.  Sleep deprivation in adolescents: correlations with health complaints and health-related quality of life. , 2015, Sleep medicine.

[9]  J. Broman,et al.  The Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale (MISS) , 2008, Upsala journal of medical sciences.

[10]  A. Adachi-Mejia,et al.  TXT Me I'm Only Sleeping: Adolescents With Mobile Phones in Their Bedroom , 2014, Family & Community Health.

[11]  A. Harvey,et al.  Mental health problems in adolescents with delayed sleep phase: results from a large population‐based study in Norway , 2015, Journal of sleep research.

[12]  Wen-Hsu Lin,et al.  Unhealthy Sleep Practices, Conduct Problems, and Daytime Functioning During Adolescence , 2014, Journal of Youth and Adolescence.

[13]  J. Owens,et al.  Later School Start Time Is Associated with Improved Sleep and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents , 2014, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[14]  J. Díaz-Morales,et al.  Validity of the Morningness‐Eveningness Scale for Children among Spanish Adolescents , 2007, Chronobiology international.

[15]  C. Nixon.  Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health , 2014, Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics.

[16]  C. Drake,et al.  Physiological correlates of insomnia. , 2014, Current topics in behavioral neurosciences.

[17]  Daniel J Buysse,et al.  Insomnia and hypersomnia associated with depressive phenomenology and comorbidity in childhood depression. , 2007, Sleep.

[18]  H. Wong,et al.  Association between Screen Viewing Duration and Sleep Duration, Sleep Quality, and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among Adolescents in Hong Kong , 2014, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[19]  Ralph Maddison,et al.  Presleep Activities and Time of Sleep Onset in Children , 2013, Pediatrics.

[20]  Jan Van den Bulck,et al.  Adolescent Use of Mobile Phones for Calling and for Sending Text Messages After Lights Out: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study with a One-Year Follow-Up , 2007 .

[21]  Changkook Yang,et al.  Age-Related Changes in Sleep/Wake Patterns Among Korean Teenagers , 2005, Pediatrics.

[22]  B. Sivertsen,et al.  Sleep and school attendance in adolescence: Results from a large population-based study , 2015, Scandinavian journal of public health.

[23]  C. Nygård,et al.  Association between Information and Communication Technology Usage and the Quality of Sleep among School-Aged Children during a School Week , 2014, Sleep disorders.

[24]  A. Lundervold,et al.  Delayed sleep phase syndrome in adolescents: prevalence and correlates in a large population based study , 2013, BMC Public Health.

[25]  M. Bonnet,et al.  Hyperarousal and insomnia: state of the science. , 2010, Sleep medicine reviews.

[26]  D. Dinges,et al.  Neuroimmunologic aspects of sleep and sleep loss. , 2001, Seminars in clinical neuropsychiatry.

[27]  A. Harvey,et al.  Pre-sleep cognitive activity: a comparison of sleep-onset insomniacs and good sleepers. , 2000, The British journal of clinical psychology.

[28]  Katherine M. Keyes,et al.  The Great Sleep Recession: Changes in Sleep Duration Among US Adolescents, 1991–2012 , 2015, Pediatrics.

[29]  H. Wright,et al.  The impact of sleep on adolescent depressed mood, alertness and academic performance. , 2013, Journal of adolescence.

[30]  N. Marshall,et al.  Adolescent Sleep Patterns and Night-Time Technology Use: Results of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Big Sleep Survey , 2014, PloS one.

[31]  Peter Smetaniuk.  A preliminary investigation into the prevalence and prediction of problematic cell phone use , 2014, Journal of behavioral addictions.

[32]  E. Roos,et al.  Do computer use, TV viewing, and the presence of the media in the bedroom predict school-aged children’s sleep habits in a longitudinal study? , 2013, BMC Public Health.

[33]  M. Sobel.  Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models , 1982 .

[34]  Sue K. Adams,et al.  Sleep Quality as a Mediator Between Technology-Related Sleep Quality, Depression, and Anxiety , 2013, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[35]  A. Chang,et al.  Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[36]  P. Mercer,et al.  Differences in reported sleep need among adolescents. , 1998, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[37]  Y. Inoue,et al.  Bedtime Activities, Sleep Environment, and Sleep/Wake Patterns of Japanese Elementary School Children , 2008, Behavioral sleep medicine.

[38]  Bindu John.  Sleep Duration and Daytime Sleepiness in Indian Adolescents: Is There a Gender Difference? , 2014, The Indian Journal of Pediatrics.

[39]  S. West,et al.  Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. , 1994 .

[40]  Kristopher J Preacher,et al.  Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models , 2008, Behavior research methods.

[41]  Xue Ming,et al.  Sleep Insufficiency, Sleep Health Problems and Performance in High School Students , 2011, Clinical medicine insights. Circulatory, respiratory and pulmonary medicine.

[42]  Urs Gasser,et al.  Teens, social media, and privacy , 2013 .

[43]  A. Grob,et al.  Sleep duration, positive attitude toward life, and academic achievement: the role of daytime tiredness, behavioral persistence, and school start times. , 2013, Journal of adolescence.

[44]  O. Tzischinsky,et al.  Sleep patterns, electronic media exposure and daytime sleep‐related behaviours among Israeli adolescents , 2010, Acta paediatrica.

[45]  S. Goyal,et al.  Study of prevalence of depression in adolescent students of a public school , 2009, Industrial psychiatry journal.

[46]  G. Mezei,et al.  Mobile phone ownership and use among school children in three Hungarian cities , 2007, Bioelectromagnetics.

[47]  J. Rausch,et al.  Sleep restriction worsens mood and emotion regulation in adolescents. , 2014, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[48]  Mari Hysing,et al.  Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: results from a large population-based study , 2015, BMJ Open.

[49]  T. Ohida,et al.  The association between use of mobile phones after lights out and sleep disturbances among Japanese adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional survey. , 2011, Sleep.

[50]  K. Merikangas,et al.  Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication--Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). , 2010, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[51]  Hyung-do Choi,et al.  Epidemiological Characteristics of Mobile Phone Ownership and Use in Korean Children and Adolescents , 2013, Environmental health and toxicology.

[52]  A. Lundervold,et al.  Sleep patterns and insomnia among adolescents: a population‐based study , 2013, Journal of sleep research.

[53]  R. Roberts,et al.  The prospective association between sleep deprivation and depression among adolescents. , 2014, Sleep.

[54]  J. Romijn,et al.  Sleep characteristics and insulin sensitivity in humans. , 2014, Handbook of clinical neurology.

[55]  S. Sullivan.  Current Treatment of Selected Pediatric Sleep Disorders , 2012, Neurotherapeutics.

[56]  A survey of college-bound high school graduates regarding circadian preference, caffeine use, and academic performance , 2015, Sleep and Breathing.

[57]  Christina Schmidt,et al.  Blue blocker glasses as a countermeasure for alerting effects of evening light-emitting diode screen exposure in male teenagers. , 2015, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[58]  J. Bulck.  Television viewing, computer game playing, and Internet use and self-reported time to bed and time out of bed in secondary-school children. , 2004 .

[59]  Paul A. Kirschner,et al.  Facebook® and academic performance , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[60]  Kjell Hansson Mild,et al.  Ownership and use of wireless telephones: a population-based study of Swedish children aged 7–14 years , 2007, BMC public health.

[61]  Wade C. Jacobsen,et al.  The Wired Generation: Academic and Social Outcomes of Electronic Media Use Among University Students , 2011, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[62]  J. Owens.  Insufficient Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults: An Update on Causes and Consequences , 2014, Pediatrics.

[63]  A. Grob,et al.  Adolescents’ Electronic Media Use at Night, Sleep Disturbance, and Depressive Symptoms in the Smartphone Age , 2015, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[64]  C. Drake,et al.  The pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS): sleep habits and school outcomes in middle-school children. , 2003, Sleep.

[65]  Jan Van den Bulck,et al.  Text messaging as a cause of sleep interruption in adolescents, evidence from a cross‐sectional study , 2003 .

[66]  Seong-Jin Cho,et al.  Insufficient sleep and suicidality in adolescents. , 2012, Sleep.

[67]  Dk Katzman.  Sexting: Keeping teens safe and responsible in a technologically savvy world. , 2010, Paediatrics & child health.

[68]  Juhyun Park,et al.  Academic performance among adolescents with behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome. , 2015, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

[69]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[70]  A. Wirz-Justice,et al.  Evening Exposure to a Light Emitting Diodes (led)-backlit Computer Screen Affects Circadian Physiology and Cognitive Performance 2 3 4 , 2022 .

[71]  H. Schiöth,et al.  Associations of self-reported sleep disturbance and duration with academic failure in community-dwelling Swedish adolescents: sleep and academic performance at school. , 2015, Sleep medicine.