Prospects of energy conservation and management in buildings – The Saudi Arabian scenario versus global trends

The volume of construction work in the GCC countries is dramatically increasing, which poses challenges on energy demand and the environment. The building construction sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest and fastest in the GCC states. It is estimated that 2.32 million new homes are to be built by 2020 in order to meet the demand of growing population. This article provides a comprehensive picture of the initiatives and research progress in energy conservation and management in the Saudi Arabian building sector. Starting with a background of energy scenario, the article covers the policy-level measures and research and development activities reported so far, and compares the current situation with the global trends. This review reveals that even though there are promising research activities, policy supports and growing public awareness, the Kingdom has wide scope for further developments in order to ensure (through the utilization of its resources at their fullest potential) that all the viable state-of-the-art technologies for energy conservation and management in buildings are implemented. Accordingly, a consolidated outline of the key areas in the domain is presented, and many potential new research directions are proposed.

[1]  M. Antar.  Thermal radiation role in conjugate heat transfer across a multiple-cavity building block , 2010 .

[2]  Sevastianos Mirasgedis,et al.  European residential buildings and empirical assessment of the Hellenic building stock, energy consumption, emissions and potential energy savings , 2007 .

[3]  A. Campos-Celador,et al.  Thermoeconomic analysis of a micro-CHP installation in a tertiary sector building through dynamic simulation , 2012 .

[4]  Shih-Cheng Hu,et al.  Development and testing of a multi-type air conditioner without using AC inverters , 2004 .

[5]  S. C. Kaushik,et al.  Advancement in solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) hybrid collector technology , 2012 .

[6]  Meral Ozel,et al.  Thermal performance and optimum insulation thickness of building walls with different structure materials , 2011 .

[7]  Omar M. Al-Rabghi,et al.  Estimation and measurement of electric energy consumption due to air conditioning cooling load , 1999 .

[8]  S. M. Hasnain.  Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies, Part II: cool thermal storage , 1998 .

[9]  Ruzhu Wang,et al.  Progress in the development of solid–gas sorption refrigeration thermodynamic cycle driven by low-grade thermal energy , 2014 .

[10]  Zia Ud Din,et al.  Phase change material (PCM) storage for free cooling of buildings—A review , 2013 .

[11]  A. Sharma,et al.  Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications , 2009 .

[12]  Saffa Riffat,et al.  Review of Heat Recovery Technologies for Building Applications , 2012, Energies.

[13]  S. D. Probert,et al.  Windows for buildings in hot arid countries , 2001 .

[14]  S. A. Al-Ajlan,et al.  Developing sustainable energy policies for electrical energy conservation in Saudi Arabia , 2006 .

[15]  S. E. Aly.  A theoretical analysis of a solar-fuel assisted absorption power cycle (SFAPC) , 1988 .

[16]  R. Velraj,et al.  Phase change material-based building architecture for thermal management in residential and commercial establishments , 2008 .

[17]  Lukas G. Swan,et al.  Improved performance of hybrid photovoltaic-trigeneration systems over photovoltaic-cogen systems including effects of battery storage , 2013 .

[18]  I. Dincer,et al.  Energy, environment and sustainable development , 1999 .

[19]  Lihua Xie,et al.  HVAC system optimization—in-building section , 2005 .

[20]  S. Said,et al.  An analysis of climatic variables for thermal design of buildings in Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia , 1991 .

[21]  Mohammad S. Al-Homoud,et al.  Variations of Thermal Conductivity of Insulation Materials Under Different Operating Temperatures: Impact on Envelope-Induced Cooling Load , 2002 .

[22]  M.E.H. Tijani,et al.  Construction and performance of a thermoacoustic refrigerator , 2002 .

[23]  Khaled Galal,et al.  Integrated LCA–LEED sustainability assessment model for structure and envelope systems of school buildings , 2014 .

[24]  Mohamed A. Habib,et al.  Database for building energy prediction in Saudi Arabia , 2003 .

[25]  Edward Henry Mathews,et al.  Needs and trends in building and HVAC system design tools , 2002 .

[26]  Soteris A. Kalogirou,et al.  Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms in Energy Applications in Buildings , 2009 .

[27]  Syed A.M. Said,et al.  Validation of DOE-2.1A and a microcomputer based hourly energy analysis computer program for a residential building , 1989 .

[28]  Firoz Alam,et al.  Performance Analysis of a Novel Building Material to Achieve Superior Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Arid Climate , 2010 .

[29]  Abdelsalam Aldawoud,et al.  Conventional fixed shading devices in comparison to an electrochromic glazing system in hot, dry climate , 2013 .

[30]  Frédéric Kuznik,et al.  A review on phase change materials integrated in building walls , 2011 .

[31]  A. H. Almasoud,et al.  Future of solar energy in Saudi Arabia , 2015 .

[32]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Exergy: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development , 2007 .

[33]  Robert F. Boehm,et al.  Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components , 2011 .

[34]  Per Heiselberg,et al.  Review of thermal energy storage technologies based on PCM application in buildings , 2013 .

[35]  Ghazi Al-Otaibi,et al.  The potential of the evaporative cooling techniques in the Gulf Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , 1993 .

[36]  Shengwei Wang,et al.  A model-based optimal ventilation control strategy of multi-zone VAV air-conditioning systems , 2009 .

[37]  Bijan Samali,et al.  A review of different strategies for HVAC energy saving , 2014 .

[38]  R. Elansezhian,et al.  ZnO nanorefrigerant in R152a refrigeration system for energy conservation and green environment , 2014 .

[39]  Glada Lahn,et al.  Targets to promote energy savings in the Gulf Cooperation Council states , 2013 .

[40]  N. Sultana,et al.  Public acceptance of renewable energy and Smart-Grid in Saudi Arabia , 2015, 2015 IEEE 8th GCC Conference & Exhibition.

[41]  Dilip Sharma,et al.  Micro-trigeneration for energy sustainability: Technologies, tools and trends , 2014 .

[42]  S. Leitao,et al.  Biofuel for the energy efficiency on a building with small CCHP , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power.

[43]  Palanichamy Gandhidasan.  Performance analysis of an open-cycle liquid desiccant cooling system using solar energy for regeneration , 1994 .

[44]  Muhammad Asif,et al.  Saudi Building Industry's Views on Sustainability in Buildings: Questionnaire Survey , 2014 .

[45]  H. Chandra,et al.  Application of solid oxide fuel cell technology for power generation—A review , 2013 .

[46]  Ebrahim Hajidavalloo,et al.  Application of evaporative cooling on the condenser of window-air-conditioner , 2007 .

[47]  Luai M. Al-Hadhrami,et al.  Assessment of thermal performance of different types of masonry bricks used in Saudi Arabia , 2009 .

[48]  Abdulghani A. Al-Farayedhi,et al.  Simulation of a hybrid liquid desiccant based air-conditioning system , 1997 .

[49]  Andreas Fieber.  Building Integration of Solar Energy. A Multifunctional Approach , 2005 .

[50]  Omar M. Al-Rabghi,et al.  Proposed energy-efficient air-conditioning system using liquid desiccant , 1996 .

[51]  Luisa F. Cabeza,et al.  Materials used as PCM in thermal energy storage in buildings: A review , 2011 .

[52]  Mohammad Maqsood Bajwa.  The role of integrated landscape design in energy conservation in detached dwellings in the Arabian Gulf region , 1995 .

[53]  Rubiyah Yusof,et al.  Review of HVAC scheduling techniques for buildings towards energy-efficient and cost-effective operations , 2013 .

[54]  Ravi Prakash,et al.  Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: An overview , 2010 .

[55]  M. Izquierdo,et al.  Solar-powered single-and double-effect directly air-cooled LiBr–H2O absorption prototype built as a single unit , 2014 .

[56]  B. Givoni.  Indoor temperature reduction by passive cooling systems , 2011 .

[57]  Ranko Goic,et al.  review of solar photovoltaic technologies , 2011 .

[58]  Faris A. Al-Maziad,et al.  Architectural and urban design potentials for residential building energy saving in the Gulf region , 1999 .

[59]  Jlm Jan Hensen,et al.  Overview of HVAC system simulation , 2010 .

[60]  Parisa Ahadi.  Applications of Nanomaterials in Construction with an Approach to Energy Issue , 2011 .

[61]  Saudi Arabia,et al.  ENERGY SIMULATION FOR A TYPICAL HOUSE BUILT WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASONRY BUILDING MATERIALS , 2004 .

[62]  André De Herde,et al.  Greenhouse effect in double-skin facade , 2007 .

[63]  Y. Alyousef,et al.  Energy Efficiency Initiatives for Saudi Arabia on Supply and Demand Sides , 2012 .

[64]  K. K. Matrawy,et al.  Energy management and parametric optimization of an integrated PV solar house , 2015 .

[65]  Reinhard Radermacher,et al.  High efficiency micro trigeneration systems , 2013 .

[66]  S. M. Shaahid,et al.  Exploitation of renewable energy resources for environment‐friendly sustainable development in Saudi Arabia , 2009 .

[67]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  On thermal energy storage systems and applications in buildings , 2002 .

[68]  Arif Hepbasli,et al.  A key review on present status and future directions of solar energy studies and applications in Saudi Arabia , 2011 .

[69]  Luai M. Al-Hadhrami,et al.  Review of economic assessment of hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for residential loads for different provinces of Saudi Arabia , 2014 .

[70]  Paulo Santos,et al.  Review of passive PCM latent heat thermal energy storage systems towards buildings’ energy efficiency , 2013 .

[71]  Yousef Alyousef,et al.  Saudi Arabia's National Energy Efficiency Programme: description, achievements and way forward , 2010 .

[72]  Mohammad S. Al-Homoud.  Envelope Thermal Design Optimization of Buildings with Intermittent Occupancy , 2009 .

[73]  Bjørn Petter Jelle,et al.  Traditional, state-of-the-art and future thermal building insulation materials and solutions Prope , 2011 .

[74]  Haralambos Sarimveis,et al.  Development of a computational tool to quantify architectural-design effects on thermal comfort in naturally ventilated rural houses , 2010 .

[75]  S. O. Hanssen,et al.  Building simulation as an assisting tool in decision making: Case study: With or without a double-skin façade? , 2008 .

[76]  E. Hajidavalloo,et al.  Performance improvement of air-cooled refrigeration system by using evaporatively cooled air condenser. , 2010 .

[77]  Khairul Salleh Mohamed Sahari,et al.  Energy saving by integrated control of natural ventilation and HVAC systems using model guide for comparison , 2014 .

[78]  Y. Al‐Saleh.  Renewable energy scenarios for major oil-producing nations: The case of Saudi Arabia , 2009 .

[79]  Majed M. Alhazmy.  Analysis of coupled natural convection–conduction effects on the heat transport through hollow building blocks , 2006 .

[80]  M. S Söylemez.  On the thermo economical optimization of single stage refrigeration systems , 2004 .

[81]  L. W. Wang,et al.  Sorption thermal storage for solar energy , 2013 .

[82]  M. Saliari,et al.  Development and analysis of mineral based coatings for buildings and urban structures , 2012 .

[83]  Wael Seddik Moustafa,et al.  Energy performance analysis of integrating building envelopes with nanomaterials , 2013 .

[84]  Steve Sharples,et al.  Assessing the technical and economic performance of building integrated photovoltaics and their value to the GCC society , 2013 .

[85]  Luisa F. Cabeza,et al.  Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: A review , 2014 .

[86]  Marjan Sarshar,et al.  Thermal behaviour of a ventilated double skin façade in hot arid climate , 2010 .

[87]  Mohammad S. Al-Homoud,et al.  A Systematic Approach for the Thermal Design Optimization of Building Envelopes , 2005 .

[88]  Stefano Cordiner,et al.  A study on the energy management in domestic micro-grids based on Model Predictive Control strategies☆ , 2015 .

[89]  P Amid,et al.  Feasibility study of different scenarios of CCHP for a residential complex , 2010, 2010 IEEE Conference on Innovative Technologies for an Efficient and Reliable Electricity Supply.

[90]  I. Dincer,et al.  Thermodynamic Analysis of a Solar Driven Tri-generation System for Building Applications , 2014 .

[91]  Mohammad S. Al-Homoud,et al.  Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal insulation materials , 2005 .

[92]  M. F. Zedan,et al.  Effect of electricity tariff on the optimum insulation-thickness in building walls as determined by a dynamic heat-transfer model , 2005 .

[93]  J. Hagihara.  Saudi Arabia's Domestic Energy Situation and Policy: Focusing on Its Power Sector , 2013 .

[94]  Martin Belusko,et al.  Designing a PCM storage system using the effectiveness-number of transfer units method in low energy cooling of buildings , 2012 .

[95]  Yacine Rezgui,et al.  The development of sustainable assessment method for Saudi Arabia built environment: weighting system , 2014, Sustainability Science.

[96]  S. H. Alawaji.  Evaluation of solar energy research and its applications in Saudi Arabia — 20 years of experience , 2001 .

[97]  S. A. Al-Sanea,et al.  Optimized monthly-fixed thermostat-setting scheme for maximum energy-savings and thermal comfort in air-conditioned spaces , 2008 .

[98]  Dimitris Askounis,et al.  An assessment of the sustainable energy investments in the framework of the EU–GCC cooperation , 2007 .

[99]  I. Budaiwi,et al.  Comparison of Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Building Insulation Materials under Various Operating Temperatures , 2005 .

[100]  Omar M. Al-Rabghi,et al.  A survey of energy efficient strategies for effective air conditioning , 2004 .

[101]  Othman,et al.  Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Saudi Arabia through Smart Grid , 2012 .

[102]  Patrick A. Narbel,et al.  Solar energy: Markets, economics and policies , 2012 .

[103]  Syed A.M. Said,et al.  Unsteady thermodynamic analysis for a solar driven dual storage absorption refrigeration cycle in Saudi Arabia , 2014 .

[104]  Uli Jakob,et al.  Simulation and experimental investigation into diffusion absorption cooling machines for air-conditioning applications , 2008 .

[105]  Gerhard Schmitz,et al.  Performance of a solar assisted air conditioning system at different locations , 2013 .

[106]  Young Chul Kim,et al.  Performance analysis on a multi-type inverter air conditioner , 2001 .

[107]  Mohammad S. Al-Homoud,et al.  The Effectiveness of Thermal Insulation in Different Types of Buildings in Hot Climates , 2004 .

[108]  Khamid Mahkamov,et al.  Solar energy storage using phase change materials , 2007 .

[109]  Alan Shu Khen Kwan,et al.  Consensus-based low carbon domestic design framework for sustainable homes , 2015 .

[110]  F. Calvino,et al.  Comparing different control strategies for indoor thermal comfort aimed at the evaluation of the energy cost of quality of building , 2010 .

[111]  Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan,et al.  EER Improvement for Room Air-Conditioners in Saudi Arabia , 2012 .

[112]  Piotr A. Domanski,et al.  Review of alternative cooling technologies , 2013 .

[113]  Radu Zmeureanu,et al.  Life cycle cost and energy analysis of a Net Zero Energy House with solar combisystem , 2011 .

[114]  S.M.A. Bekkouche,et al.  Influence of the compactness index to increase the internal temperature of a building in Saharan climate , 2013 .

[115]  V. I. Hanby,et al.  System optimization for HVAC energy management using the robust evolutionary algorithm. , 2009 .

[116]  S. Kalaiselvam,et al.  Energy efficient hybrid nanocomposite-based cool thermal storage air conditioning system for sustainable buildings , 2013 .

[117]  Muhammad Asif,et al.  Growth and sustainability trends in the buildings sector in the GCC region with particular reference to the KSA and UAE , 2016 .

[118]  Tin-Tai Chow,et al.  A Review on Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid Solar Technology , 2010, Renewable Energy.

[119]  M. Mohanraj,et al.  Applications of artificial neural networks for refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump systems—A review , 2012, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[120]  Ennio Macchi,et al.  Development of a micro-cogeneration laboratory and testing of a natural gas CHP unit based on PEM fuel cells , 2014 .

[121]  Ibrahim M. Jomoah,et al.  Energy management in the buildings of a university campus in Saudi Arabia — A case study , 2013, 4th International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives.

[122]  Maria Elena Menconi,et al.  Model integrated of life-cycle costing and dynamic thermal simulation (MILD) to evaluate roof insulation materials for existing livestock buildings , 2014 .

[123]  Abdeen Mustafa Omer,et al.  Renewable building energy systems and passive human comfort solutions , 2008 .

[124]  Mohammad Yusri Hassan,et al.  Energy efficiency index as an indicator for measuring building energy performance: A review , 2015 .

[125]  Sami A. Al-Sanea.  Thermal performance of building roof elements , 2002 .

[126]  Saeed A. R. Saeed.  The effect of vertical location on thermal performance of multistorey apartments in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia , 1989 .

[127]  S. Kalaiselvam,et al.  Sustainable thermal energy storage technologies for buildings: A review , 2012 .

[128]  Luis Pérez-Lombard,et al.  Constructing HVAC energy efficiency indicators , 2012 .

[129]  Alan Shu Khen Kwan,et al.  Domestic energy consumption patterns in a hot and humid climate: A multiple-case study analysis , 2014 .

[130]  W. J. Zhang,et al.  An energy-efficient air-conditioning system with an exhaust fan integrated with a supply fan , 2009 .

[131]  Iskander Tlili,et al.  Renewable energy in Saudi Arabia: current status and future potentials , 2015, Environment, Development and Sustainability.

[132]  Darin W. Nutter,et al.  Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of residential air conditioning in Saudi Arabia , 2015 .

[133]  Vassilis Belessiotis,et al.  Theoretical and experimental investigation of the performance of a desiccant air-conditioning system , 2010 .

[134]  Muhammad Asif,et al.  Prospects of Renewable Energy to Promote Zero-Energy Residential Buildings in the KSA , 2012 .

[135]  P. A. Østergaard,et al.  Energy saving potential of utilizing natural ventilation under warm conditions – A case study of Mexico , 2014 .

[136]  Bijan Samali,et al.  A comparative study on the effect of different strategies for energy saving of air-cooled vapor compression air conditioning systems , 2014 .

[137]  M. Fasiuddin,et al.  HVAC system strategies for energy conservation in commercial buildings in Saudi Arabia , 2011 .

[138]  I. Budaiwi,et al.  Envelope thermal design for energy savings in mosques in hot-humid climate , 2011 .

[139]  Yang Shi,et al.  Combined cooling, heating and power systems: A survey , 2014 .

[140]  Y. Rezgui,et al.  Energy consumption patterns for domestic buildings in hot climates using Saudi Arabia as case study field: multiple case study analyses , 2014 .

[141]  S. Okamoto.  SAVING ENERGY IN A HOSPITAL UTILIZING CCHP TECHNOLOGY , 2011 .

[142]  J. Parise,et al.  A Numerical Study on the Application of Nanofluids in Refrigeration Systems , 2010 .

[143]  D. S. Ward.  Solar absorption cooling feasibility , 1979 .

[145]  Maged Attia,et al.  LEED as a tool for enhancing affordable housing sustainability in Saudi Arabia , 2013 .

[146]  S. Iniyan,et al.  Energy efficient fuzzy based combined variable refrigerant volume and variable air volume air conditioning system for buildings , 2010 .

[147]  Mohamad I. Al-Widyan,et al.  Selecting the most appropriate corrective actions for energy saving in existing buildings A/C in hot arid regions , 2014 .

[148]  S. M. Shaahid,et al.  Optimal sizing of battery storage for stand-alone hybrid (photo-voltaic + diesel) power systems , 2005 .

[149]  Wenming Yang,et al.  Integrating renewable energy technologies to support building trigeneration – A multi-criteria analysis , 2012 .

[150]  Aude Tan,et al.  Cooling system for solar housing in the Middle East. A design study based on a concept. , 2011 .

[151]  M. Boumaza.  Performances Assessment of Natural Refrigerants as Substitutes to CFC and HCFC in Hot Climate , 2010 .

[152]  Saffa Riffat,et al.  Tri-generation systems: Energy policies, prime movers, cooling technologies, configurations and operation strategies , 2014 .

[153]  Danyel Reiche,et al.  Energy Policies of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries—possibilities and limitations of ecological modernization in rentier states , 2010 .

[154]  Armando C. Oliveira,et al.  Performance simulation of a solar-assisted micro-tri-generation system: hotel case study , 2011 .

[155]  Paul,et al.  The Potential of Solar Adsorption Air-Conditioning in Saudi Arabia: A Simulation Study , 2013 .

[156]  K. Alshaibani,et al.  Potentiality of daylighting in a maritime desert climate: the Eastern coast of Saudi Arabia , 2001 .

[157]  Othman Subhi Alshamrani,et al.  Evaluation of School Buildings Using Sustainability Measures and Life-Cycle Costing Technique , 2012 .

[158]  M.A.Eben Saleh.  Thermal insulation of buildings in a newly built environment of a hot dry climate: The Saudi Arabian experience , 1990 .

[159]  Eike Musall,et al.  Zero Energy Building A review of definitions and calculation methodologies , 2011 .

[160]  Lina Yang,et al.  Cooling load reduction by using thermal mass and night ventilation , 2008 .

[161]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Energy and Environmental Impacts: Present and Future Perspectives , 1998 .

[162]  Natasa Nord,et al.  An overall methodology to define reference values for building sustainability parameters , 2015 .

[163]  Pedro J. Mago,et al.  Analysis and optimization of the use of CHP–ORC systems for small commercial buildings , 2010 .

[164]  S. M. Shaahid,et al.  Prospects of autonomous/stand-alone hybrid (photo-voltaic + diesel + battery) power systems in commercial applications in hot regions , 2004 .

[165]  Marwa Dabaieh,et al.  Reducing cooling demands in a hot dry climate: A simulation study for non-insulated passive cool roof thermal performance in residential buildings , 2015 .

[166]  H. Sofrata,et al.  Solar-powered dual absorption system: selection criteria using fuzzy decision analysis , 1982 .

[167]  V. Ismet Ugursal,et al.  Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modeling techniques , 2009 .

[168]  Kamaruzzaman Sopian,et al.  Perspectives of double skin façade systems in buildings and energy saving , 2011 .

[169]  Gershon Grossman,et al.  Solar cooling and air conditioning , 1981 .

[170]  S. A. Al-Sanea,et al.  Optimum insulation thickness for building walls in a hot-dry climate , 2002 .

[171]  Aftab Ahmad,et al.  Cost-effective use of thermal insulation in hot climates , 1991 .

[172]  Chun Hua Sun,et al.  The Impact of Double Skin Facade on Building Energy Consumption in Daylighting Control Mode , 2013 .

[173]  Zakarya A. Alahmed.  Double-skin facade in hot-arid climates Computer simulation to find optimized energy and thermal performance of double skin facades , 2013 .

[174]  Esam Elsarrag,et al.  Green building practices: Optimisation of CCHP and biomass heating for maximum CO2 reduction in a mixed-use development , 2013 .

[175]  Y. Hwang,et al.  Simulation comparison of VAV and VRF air conditioning systems in an existing building for the cooling season , 2009 .

[176]  Mohammad Arif Kamal,et al.  An Overview of Passive Cooling Techniques in Buildings: Design Concepts and Architectural Interventions , 2012 .

[177]  Varun,et al.  Life cycle assessment of buildings: A review , 2011 .

[178]  Marco Picco,et al.  On The Sizing Of Chp Machines, A Case Study Of Retrofit In A Commercial Building , 2013 .

[179]  I. Dincer.  Environmental impacts of energy , 1999 .

[180]  Raghavan Srinivasan,et al.  Seasonal performance of a central air conditioner in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. A computer simulation study , 1985 .

[181]  Constantinos A. Balaras,et al.  The role of thermal mass on the cooling load of buildings. An overview of computational methods , 1996 .

[182]  V. V. Tyagi,et al.  PCM thermal storage in buildings: A state of art , 2007 .

[183]  Taleb,et al.  Evaluating Economic and Environmental Benefits of Integrating Solar Photovoltaics within Future Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia , 2010 .

[184]  S. M. Hasnain,et al.  Prospects of cool thermal storage utilization in Saudi Arabia , 2000 .

[185]  Michael Wetter,et al.  Co-simulation for performance prediction of integrated building and HVAC systems - An analysis of solution characteristics using a two-body system , 2010, Simul. Model. Pract. Theory.

[186]  S. Iniyan,et al.  A review of solar thermal technologies , 2010 .

[187]  Hongfa Di,et al.  Application of latent heat thermal energy storage in buildings: State-of-the-art and outlook , 2007 .

[188]  Omer Kaynakli,et al.  A review of the economical and optimum thermal insulation thickness for building applications , 2012 .

[189]  N. Subramani,et al.  Experimental studies on a vapour compression system using nanorefrigerants , 2012 .

[190]  M. Asif,et al.  Analysis of critical climate related factors for the application of zero-energy homes in Saudi Arabia , 2015 .

[191]  Yacine Rezgui,et al.  Sustainable building assessment tool development approach , 2012 .

[192]  Saeed A. R. Saeed.  Indoor climate as a function of building orientation , 1987 .

[193]  Adrian Pitts,et al.  The potential to exploit use of building-integrated photovoltaics in countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council , 2009 .

[194]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Energy and Exergy Use in Residential Sector of Saudi Arabia , 2004 .

[195]  Parviz Soroushian,et al.  Development of Energy-Efficient Concrete Buildings Using Recycled Plastic Aggregates , 2005 .

[196]  Mohamed A. Antar,et al.  Conjugate conduction-natural convection heat transfer in a hollow building block , 2009 .

[197]  N. Hamza.  Double versus single skin facades in hot arid areas , 2008 .

[198]  Ibrahim El-Amin,et al.  Techno-economic evaluation of off-grid hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for rural electrification in Saudi Arabia--A way forward for sustainable development , 2009 .

[199]  M. Zaheer-uddin,et al.  Dynamic simulation of energy management control functions for HVAC systems in buildings , 2006 .

[200]  U. A. Elani,et al.  The importance of silicon photovoltaic manufacturing in Saudi Arabia , 1998 .

[201]  Gregory F. Nemet,et al.  Beyond the learning curve: factors influencing cost reductions in photovoltaics , 2006 .

[202]  Arild Gustavsen,et al.  Vacuum insulation panels for building applications: A review and beyond , 2010 .

[203]  Giuseppe Peter Vanoli,et al.  Energy refurbishment of existing buildings through the use of phase change materials: Energy savings and indoor comfort in the cooling season , 2014 .

[204]  Mir M. Ali.  Energy Efficient Architecture and Building Systems to Address Global Warming , 2008 .

[205]  Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan,et al.  Appropriate Electric Energy Conservation Measures for Big Mosques in Riyadh City , 2014 .

[206]  Pooya Lotfabadi,et al.  Solar considerations in high-rise buildings , 2015 .

[207]  André De Herde,et al.  Optimal operation of a south double-skin facade , 2004 .

[208]  Theodosios Korakianitis,et al.  A projection of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in the electricity sector for Saudi Arabia: The case for carbon capture and storage and solar photovoltaics , 2013 .

[209]  M. Antar,et al.  Conduction / Natural convection analysis of heat transfer across multi-layer building blocks , 2008 .

[210]  R. Selbas,et al.  Thermoeconomic optimization of subcooled and superheated vapor compression refrigeration cycle , 2006 .

[211]  W. E. Alnaser,et al.  Solar and wind energy potential in GCC countries and some related projects , 2009 .

[212]  G. M. Zaki,et al.  Energy saving through intermittent evaporative roof cooling , 1991 .

[213]  Saleh A. Al-Ajlan,et al.  Measurements of thermal properties of insulation materials by using transient plane source technique , 2006 .

[214]  M.A.Eben Saleh.  Impact of thermal insulation location on buildings in hot dry climates , 1990 .

[215]  S. A. Al-Sanea,et al.  Improving thermal performance of building walls by optimizing insulation layer distribution and thickness for same thermal mass , 2011 .

[216]  Yong Chan Kim,et al.  Capacity modulation of an inverter-driven multi-air conditioner using electronic expansion valves , 2003 .

[217]  Mohammed Abdul Najid.  The Impact of HVAC System Operation and Selection on Energy Efficiency in Office Buildings in Hot Climates , 2010 .

[218]  M. Hassan,et al.  Experimental and theoretical investigation of an innovative evaporative condenser for residential refrigerator , 2009 .

[219]  K. Pavlou,et al.  Recent progress on passive cooling techniques: Advanced technological developments to improve survivability levels in low-income households , 2007 .

[220]  Mohammad S. Al-Homoud,et al.  Effect of ventilation strategies on air contaminant concentrations and energy consumption in buildings , 2001 .

[221]  Bambang Trigunarsyah,et al.  The role of the Saudi Government and the Saudi building code in implementing sustainable housing construction in Saudi Arabia , 2014 .

[222]  S. M. Hasnain,et al.  Role of Solar Energy Research in Transferring of Technology to Saudi Arabia , 1999 .

[223]  Hani H. Sait,et al.  Auditing and analysis of energy consumption of an educational building in hot and humid area , 2013 .

[224]  Matt Syal,et al.  Review of Life-Cycle Assessment Applications in Building Construction , 2011 .

[225]  Ruzhu Wang,et al.  Evaluation and analysis of novel micro-scale combined cooling, heating and power (MCCHP) system , 2007 .

[226]  Kamaruzzaman Sopian,et al.  A review of solar energy modeling techniques , 2012 .

[227]  L. Al-Hadhrami.  Comprehensive review of cooling and heating degree days characteristics over Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , 2013 .

[228]  Obaid T. Fadhil,et al.  Assessing and improving the thermal performance of reinforced concrete-based roofing systems in Iraq , 2015 .

[229]  Nicolae Badea,et al.  Analysis by indicators performance of the conceptual structures mCCHP-SE using renewable energy sources , 2010, 2010 3rd International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ISEEE).

[230]  Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan,et al.  Design Guidelines for Buildings in Saudi Arabia Considering Energy Conservation Requirements , 2014 .

[231]  Aftab Ahmad,et al.  A comparison of energy consumption and cost-effectiveness of four masonry materials in Saudi Arabia , 1993 .

[232]  S. M. Hasnain,et al.  Need for thermal-storage air-conditioning in Saudi Arabia , 2000 .

[233]  Mohammad S. Al-Homoud,et al.  Parametric analysis of alternative energy conservation measures in an office building in hot and humid climate , 2007 .

[234]  Mounir Belloumi,et al.  Sustainable Energy Development in Saudi Arabia , 2015 .

[235]  Linda Pedersen,et al.  Use of different methodologies for thermal load and energy estimations in buildings including meteorological and sociological input parameters , 2007 .

[236]  Hassan E.S. Fath,et al.  Thermal performance of greenhouses with a built-in solar distillation system: experimental study , 2005 .

[237]  A. Al-Hammad,et al.  Energy conservation measures on residential buildings in Saudi Arabia , 1993 .

[238]  Abdulghani Hassan Monawar,et al.  A study of energy conservation in the existing apartment buildings in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia , 2001 .

[239]  John Psarras,et al.  Enhancing renewable energy in the Arab States of the Gulf: Constraints & efforts , 2006 .

[240]  Macedon Moldovan,et al.  Solar Heating & Cooling Energy Mixes to Transform Low Energy Buildings in Nearly Zero Energy Buildings , 2014 .

[241]  Yacine Rezgui,et al.  An investigation into factors influencing domestic energy consumption in an energy subsidized developing economy , 2015 .

[242]  John Psarras,et al.  An integrated system for buildings’ energy-efficient automation: Application in the tertiary sector , 2013 .

[243]  Amar M. Khudhair,et al.  A review on phase change energy storage: materials and applications , 2004 .

[244]  André De Herde,et al.  Natural ventilation in a double-skin facade , 2004 .

[245]  Mohammed M. Farid,et al.  A Review on Energy Conservation in Building Applications with Thermal Storage by Latent Heat Using Phase Change Materials , 2021, Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials.

[246]  S. A. Al-Sanea,et al.  Effect of masonry material and surface absorptivity on critical thermal mass in insulated building walls , 2013 .

[247]  K. A. Bubshait,et al.  Energy conservation through structured audits: A quantitative approach , 2003 .

[248]  Ibraheem A. Al-Mofeez.  Electrical Energy Consumption Pre and Post Energy Conservation Measures: A Case Study of One-story House in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia , 2006 .

[249]  Syed M. Zubair,et al.  A survey of energy consumption and failure patterns of residential air-conditioning units in Eastern Saudi Arabia , 1996 .

[250]  S. A. Al-Sanea,et al.  Finite-volume thermal analysis of building roofs under two-dimensional periodic conditions , 2003 .

[251]  Saffa Riffat,et al.  Development of a solar-powered passive ejector cooling system , 2001 .

[252]  Wei Lu,et al.  Potential energy savings and environmental impacts of energy efficiency standards for vapor compression central air conditioning units in China , 2007 .

[253]  Li Yong,et al.  Technology development in the solar adsorption refrigeration systems , 2003 .

[254]  Jie Zhu,et al.  Review of passive solar heating and cooling technologies , 2010 .

[255]  Saeed A. R. Saeed.  The Influence of Orientation of the Family and Guest Living Rooms on Electric Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings in Riyadh , 1997 .

[256]  Tolga N. Aynur,et al.  Variable refrigerant flow systems: A review , 2010 .

[257]  Pedro J. Mago,et al.  Evaluation of combined heat and power (CHP) systems performance with dual power generation units for different building configurations , 2013 .

[258]  Pedro J. Mago,et al.  Evaluation of a turbine driven CCHP system for large office buildings under different operating strategies , 2010 .

[259]  Esam Elsarrag,et al.  Using Micro Cogeneration Technologies to Enhance the Sustainable Built Environment , 2011 .

[260]  R. Velraj,et al.  Passive cooling methods for energy efficient buildings with and without thermal energy storage - A review , 2012 .

[261]  I. Budaiwi,et al.  HVAC system operational strategies for reduced energy consumption in buildings with intermittent occupancy: The case of mosques , 2013 .

[262]  Mohammad S. Al-Homoud.  Optimum thermal design of office buildings , 1997 .

[263]  Arnaud G. Malan,et al.  HVAC control strategies to enhance comfort and minimise energy usage , 2001 .

[264]  Siaw Kiang Chou,et al.  Achieving better energy-efficient air conditioning - A review of technologies and strategies , 2013 .

[265]  Pedro J. Mago,et al.  Evaluation of a base‐loaded combined heating and power system with thermal storage for different small building applications , 2013 .

[266]  Luis Pérez-Lombard,et al.  A review of HVAC systems requirements in building energy regulations , 2011 .

[267]  Arash Farnoosh,et al.  Electricity generation analyses in an oil-exporting country: Transition to non-fossil fuel based power units in Saudi Arabia , 2014 .

[268]  Xing Fang,et al.  Optimal control of combined air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow and variable air volume for energy saving , 2014 .

[269]  S. C. Sekhar,et al.  Indoor air quality and energy issues of refrigerant modulating air-conditioning systems in the tropics , 2003 .

[270]  Kamaruzzaman Sopian,et al.  Recent advances in flat plate photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collectors , 2011 .

[271]  Yixiang Shi,et al.  A micro tri-generation system based on direct flame fuel cells for residential applications , 2014 .

[272]  Makbul A.M. Ramli,et al.  Analysis of renewable energy feed-in tariffs in selected regions of the globe: Lessons for Saudi Arabia , 2015 .

[273]  Agis M. Papadopoulos,et al.  State of the art in thermal insulation materials and aims for future developments , 2005 .

[274]  James P. Dorian,et al.  Global challenges in energy , 2005 .

[275]  S. A. Al-Sanea,et al.  Effect of thermal mass on performance of insulated building walls and the concept of energy savings potential , 2012 .

[276]  A. N. Khondaker,et al.  Dynamics of energy sector and GHG emissions in Saudi Arabia , 2015 .

[277]  Hanan Taleb,et al.  Developing sustainable residential buildings in Saudi Arabia: A case study , 2011 .

[278]  Mohammad S. Al-Homoud,et al.  Optimum thermal design of air-conditioned residential buildings , 1997 .

[279]  Mostafa A. Abd El-Baky,et al.  Heat pipe heat exchanger for heat recovery in air conditioning , 2007 .

[280]  S. M. Shaahid,et al.  Opportunities for utilization of stand-alone hybrid (photovoltaic + diesel + battery) power systems in hot climates , 2003 .

[281]  Moncef Krarti,et al.  Optimal design of residential building envelope systems in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , 2015 .

[282]  Uniben Yao Ayikoe Tettey,et al.  Effects of different insulation materials on primary energy and CO2 emission of a multi-storey residential building , 2014 .

[283]  S. Said,et al.  TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INVESTIGATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (SPV) REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IN EASTERN PROVINCE OF SAUDI ARABIA , 2013 .

[284]  Tianshu Ge,et al.  Technical development of rotary desiccant dehumidification and air conditioning: A review , 2010 .

[285]  F. Bruno,et al.  Impact of climate change on the design of energy efficient residential building envelopes , 2015 .

[286]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Development of sustainable energy options for buildings in a sustainable society , 2011 .

[287]  J. Iwaro,et al.  A review of building energy regulation and policy for energy conservation in developing countries , 2010 .

[288]  Abd-el-Hamid M. Khair-El-Din.  Energy conservation and its implication for architectural design and town planning in the hot-arid areas of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states , 1990 .

[289]  K. Sumathy,et al.  Photovoltaic thermal module concepts and their performance analysis: A review , 2010 .

[290]  Mukesh Limbachiya,et al.  Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) for building construction industry: a review of the contemporary developments and future directions , 2011 .

[291]  S. A. Al-Sanea,et al.  Effect of insulation location on thermal performance of building walls under steady periodic conditions , 2001 .

[292]  R. Velraj,et al.  Review on free cooling of buildings using phase change materials , 2010 .

[293]  Yacine Rezgui,et al.  Developing sustainable building assessment scheme for Saudi Arabia: Delphi consultation approach , 2013 .

[294]  Mohammad S. Al-Homoud,et al.  Computer-aided building energy analysis techniques , 2001 .