Effects of Nitric Oxide Fumigation on Mortality of Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)*

Light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, is a quarantine pest in most countries and has established in California and, therefore, has potential to af-fect export of fresh products from infested areas. There is currently lack of effective treatment especially against eggs. Nitric oxide is a recently discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control and is evaluated in laboratory fumigations to determine its efficacy against different life stages of this pest. Small scale fumigations with nitric oxide at 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0% concentrations were conducted under ultralow oxygen conditions at 2˚C against larvae, pupae, and eggs of light brown apple moth. Treatment times ranged from 4 to 24 h depending on nitric oxide concentration and life stage. Complete control of larvae and pupae was achieved in 8 h fumigation with 2.0% NO. Eggs were successfully controlled in 6, 12, and 24 h fumigations with 5.0%, 3.0%, and 2.0% NO respectively. The study demonstrated that nitric oxide fumigation was effective against all life stages of light brown apple moth and, therefore, has potential to be an alternative treatment to methyl bromide fumigation for postharvest control of light brown apple moth.

[1]  Yong‐Biao Liu,et al.  Nitrogen Dioxide Fumigation for Microbial Control on Unshelled Peanuts , 2020, Agricultural Sciences.

[2]  Yong‐Biao Liu,et al.  Effectiveness of Nitrogen Dioxide Fumigation for Microbial Control on Stored Almonds. , 2020, Journal of food protection.

[3]  Yong‐Biao Liu,et al.  Response of Aspergillus flavus spores to nitric oxide fumigations in atmospheres with different oxygen concentrations , 2019, Journal of Stored Products Research.

[4]  Yong‐Biao Liu,et al.  Nitric oxide fumigation for postharvest pest control on lettuce. , 2018, Pest management science.

[5]  Yong‐Biao Liu,et al.  Nitric Oxide Fumigation for Control of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Strawberries , 2018, Journal of Economic Entomology.

[6]  Yong‐Biao Liu.  Nitric Oxide Fumigation for Control of Bulb Mites on Flower Bulbs , 2017, Journal of Economic Entomology.

[7]  Yong‐Biao Liu.  Nitric oxide fumigation for control of western flower thrips and its safety to postharvest quality of fresh fruit and vegetables , 2016 .

[8]  Yong‐Biao Liu,et al.  Efficacy of Nitric Oxide Fumigation for Controlling Codling Moth in Apples , 2016, Insects.

[9]  Yong‐Biao Liu,et al.  Oxygenated Phosphine Fumigation for Control of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Eggs on Lettuce , 2014, Journal of economic entomology.

[10]  Yong‐Biao Liu.  Nitric Oxide as a Potent Fumigant for Postharvest Pest Control , 2013, Journal of economic entomology.

[11]  P. Michelow,et al.  SENSITIVITY OF FRUIT SPECIES TO ETHYL FORMATE FUMIGATION UNDER QUARANTINE CONCENTRATIONS , 2013 .

[12]  S. Walse,et al.  Effects of Phosphine Fumigation on Survivorship of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Eggs , 2013, Journal of economic entomology.

[13]  S. Wagstaff,et al.  Worldwide Host Plants of the Highly Polyphagous, Invasive Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) , 2011, Journal of economic entomology.

[14]  Bhagyalakshmi Neelwarne,et al.  Nitric oxide in fruit ripening: trends and opportunities. , 2010, Biotechnology advances.

[15]  C. H. Bell,et al.  Proceedings of the 7 th International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection-Volume 1 The toxicity of sulfuryl fluoride ( Vikane * ) to eggs of insect pests of flour mills , 2010 .

[16]  E. Brockerhoff,et al.  Invasion biology, ecology, and management of the light brown apple moth (Tortricidae). , 2010, Annual review of entomology.

[17]  Yong‐Biao Liu,et al.  Low Temperature Phosphine Fumigation for Postharvest Control of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Lettuce, Broccoli, Asparagus, and Strawberry , 2008, Journal of economic entomology.

[18]  Yong‐Biao Liu.  Ultralow oxygen treatment for postharvest control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on iceberg lettuce II. Effects of pre-treatment storage on lettuce quality , 2008 .

[19]  R. Wills,et al.  Short Term Fumigation with Nitric Oxide Gas in Air to Extend the Postharvest Life of Broccoli, Green Bean, and Bok Choy , 2004 .

[20]  Gert Folkerts,et al.  Nitric Oxide in Health and Disease of the Respiratory System , 2022 .

[21]  E. Grafton-Cardwell,et al.  Effects of carbonyl sulfide, methyl iodide, and sulfuryl fluoride on fruit phytotoxicity and insect mortality , 2001 .

[22]  Randolph M. Beaudry,et al.  Effect of O2 and CO2 partial pressure on selected phenomena affecting fruit and vegetable quality , 1999 .

[23]  J S Beckman,et al.  Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. , 1996, The American journal of physiology.

[24]  Jesse D. Roberts,et al.  Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Congenital Heart Disease , 1993, Circulation.

[25]  Gwen Goodship,et al.  The toxicity of phosphine to all developmental stages of thirteen species of stored product beetles , 1976 .

[26]  W. Danthanarayana.  The Bionomics, Distribution and Host Range of the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas Postvittana (Walk.) (Tortricidae). , 1975 .

[27]  R. Howe.  Problems in the laboratory investigation of the toxicity of phosphine to stored product insects , 1974 .