Pollutants of Emerging Concern in Rivers of Catalonia: Occurrence, Fate, and Risk

The present chapter provides a review of the occurrence, fate, and risk associated to different families or emerging and priority organic micropollutants in the rivers of Catalonia. Compounds belonging to diverse groups such as industrial compounds, perfluoroalkyl substances, pesticides, halogenated flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and hormones, personal care products, and illegal drugs, as well as their transformation products, are examined. Both emission levels from sewage systems and those found at the receiving water bodies are compared. Potential fate and transformation of the parent compounds is taken into consideration. Finally their environmental risk in terms of the associated ecotoxicity with respect to three trophic levels (Daphnia, algae, and fish) as recommended by the WFD is assessed. This prioritization exercise allows identifying those micropollutants that are more relevant in Catalonian Rivers.

[1]  C. I. Bliss.  THE TOXICITY OF POISONS APPLIED JOINTLY1 , 1939 .

[2]  J. B. Sprague.  Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish. II. Utilizing and applying bioassay results , 1970 .

[3]  Otto Hutzinger,et al.  Handbook of environmental chemistry , 1980 .

[4]  N. Nyholm,et al.  Estimation of kinetic rate constants for biodegradation of chemicals in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants using short term batch experiments and microgram/L range spiked concentrations. , 1996, Chemosphere.

[5]  J. Caixach,et al.  Identification of organic pollutants in Ter river and its system of reservoirs supplying water to Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain): A study by GC/MS and FAB/MS , 1997 .

[6]  T. Ternes,et al.  Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change? , 1999, Environmental health perspectives.

[7]  D. Barceló,et al.  Determination of rice herbicides, their transformation products and clofibric acid using on-line solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography with diode array and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection. , 2000, Journal of chromatography. A.

[8]  B. Halling‐Sørensen,et al.  Toxicity of Tetracyclines and Tetracycline Degradation Products to Environmentally Relevant Bacteria, Including Selected Tetracycline-Resistant Bacteria , 2002, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[9]  M. Petrovíc.  Analysis and removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater and drinking water , 2003 .

[10]  P. Gramatica,et al.  Water quality objectives for mixtures of toxic chemicals: problems and perspectives. , 2003, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[11]  P. Lee Ferguson,et al.  Degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates in estuarine sediment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions , 2003, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[12]  J. Spengler,et al.  Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[13]  A. Fiorentino,et al.  Identification of phototransformation products of prednisone by sunlight: Toxicity of the drug and its derivatives on aquatic organisms , 2003, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[14]  S. Mabury,et al.  PhetoFate: a new approach in accounting for the contribution of indirect photolysis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in surface waters. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[15]  Thomas Backhaus,et al.  The BEAM-project: prediction and assessment of mixture toxicities in the aquatic environment , 2003 .

[16]  R. Altenburger,et al.  What contributes to the combined effect of a complex mixture? , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[17]  S. Loewe,et al.  Über Kombinationswirkungen , 1926, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie.

[18]  Edward P. Kolodziej,et al.  Attenuation of wastewater-derived contaminants in an effluent-dominated river. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[19]  R. Schwarzenbach,et al.  The Challenge of Micropollutants in Aquatic Systems , 2006, Science.

[20]  T. Backhaus,et al.  Application and validation of approaches for the predictive hazard assessment of realistic pesticide mixtures. , 2006, Aquatic toxicology.

[21]  D. Baird,et al.  Toxicity of binary mixtures of metals and pyrethroid insecticides to Daphnia magna Straus. Implications for multi-substance risks assessment. , 2006, Aquatic toxicology.

[22]  D. Barceló,et al.  Wastewater treatment plants as a pathway for aquatic contamination by pharmaceuticals in the Ebro river basin (Northeast Spain) , 2007, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[23]  D. Barceló,et al.  Application of advanced MS techniques to analysis and identification of human and microbial metabolites of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment , 2007 .

[24]  D. Barceló,et al.  Congener distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in feral carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Llobregat River, Spain. , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[25]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence and fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates in sewage treatment plants and impact on receiving waters along the Ter River (Catalonia, NE Spain). , 2008, Environmental pollution.

[26]  D. Barceló,et al.  Analysis of 17 polar to semi-polar pesticides in the Ebro river delta during the main growing season of rice by automated on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. , 2008, Talanta.

[27]  M. Strynar,et al.  Perfluorinated compounds in house dust from Ohio and North Carolina, USA. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[28]  R. Tauler,et al.  Combined use of Daphnia magna in situ bioassays, biomarkers and biological indices to diagnose and identify environmental pressures on invertebrate communities in two Mediterranean urbanized and industrialized rivers (NE Spain). , 2008, Aquatic toxicology.

[29]  D. Barceló,et al.  Emerging Contaminants in the Water‐Sediment System: Case Studies of Pharmaceuticals and Brominated Flame Retardants in the Ebro River Basin , 2008 .

[30]  K. Sasaki,et al.  Perfluorinated surfactants in surface, subsurface water and microlayer from Dalian Coastal waters in China. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[31]  J. Dolfing,et al.  Biodegradation of perfluorinated compounds. , 2008, Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[32]  D. Mackay,et al.  Policies for chemical hazard and risk priority setting: can persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and quantity information be combined? , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[33]  P. McIntyre,et al.  Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity , 2010, Nature.

[34]  D. Barceló,et al.  Illicit Drugs Along the Ebro River Basin: Occurrence in Surface and Wastewater and Derived Consumption Estimations , 2010 .

[35]  D. Barceló,et al.  Sources, Occurrence, and Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the Ebro River Basin , 2010 .

[36]  R. Tauler,et al.  Quality assessment of river waters using risk indexes for substances and sites, based on the COMMPS procedure. , 2010, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[37]  Piha Henna Emilia,et al.  Workshop Report: River Basin-Specific Pollutants - Identification and Monitoring , 2010 .

[38]  D. Barceló,et al.  Presence of pyrethroid pesticides in water and sediments of Ebro River Delta , 2010 .

[39]  D. Barceló,et al.  First determination of C60 and C70 fullerenes and N-methylfulleropyrrolidine C60 on the suspended material of wastewater effluents by liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry , 2010 .

[40]  D. Barceló,et al.  Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in rivers: relationships between hazard indexes and aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity indexes in the Llobregat River (NE Spain). , 2010, Environment international.

[41]  D. Barceló,et al.  Pesticides at The Ebro River Delta: Occurrence and Toxicity in Water and Biota , 2010 .

[42]  D. Barceló,et al.  Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes. , 2010, Environment international.

[43]  D. Barceló,et al.  Drugs of abuse and their metabolites in the Ebro River basin: occurrence in sewage and surface water, sewage treatment plants removal efficiency, and collective drug usage estimation. , 2010, Environment international.

[44]  D. Barceló,et al.  Primary and complex stressors in polluted mediterranean rivers: Pesticide effects on biological communities , 2010 .

[45]  A. Bodour,et al.  Prioritizing research for trace pollutants and emerging contaminants in the freshwater environment. , 2010, Environmental pollution.

[46]  R. Tauler,et al.  Occurrence and transport of pesticides and alkylphenols in water samples along the Ebro River Basin , 2010 .

[47]  D. Barceló,et al.  Integrated ecotoxicological and chemical approach for the assessment of pesticide pollution in the Ebro River delta (Spain) , 2010 .

[48]  S. Giove,et al.  Integrated risk assessment for WFD ecological status classification applied to Llobregat river basin (Spain). Part I-Fuzzy approach to aggregate biological indicators. , 2011, The Science of the total environment.

[49]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface water, suspended solids and sediments of the Ebro river basin, Spain. , 2011, Chemosphere.

[50]  A. Ginebreda,et al.  Water toxicity assessment and spatial pollution patterns identification in a Mediterranean River Basin District. Tools for water management and risk analysis. , 2011, The Science of the total environment.

[51]  D. Barceló,et al.  Photofate of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and oseltamivir carboxylate under natural and simulated solar irradiation: kinetics, identification of the transformation products, and environmental occurrence. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[52]  W. Brack,et al.  A new risk assessment approach for the prioritization of 500 classical and emerging organic microcontaminants as potential river basin specific pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. , 2011, The Science of the total environment.

[53]  D. Barceló,et al.  The Ebro River Basin , 2011 .

[54]  S. Giove,et al.  Integrated Risk Assessment for WFD Ecological Status classification applied to Llobregat river basin (Spain). Part II - Evaluation process applied to five environmental Lines of Evidence. , 2011, The Science of the total environment.

[55]  D. de Zwart,et al.  Toxicity assessment of sediments from three European river basins using a sediment contact test battery. , 2011, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[56]  D. Barceló,et al.  Wastewater reuse in Mediterranean semi-arid areas: The impact of discharges of tertiary treated sewage on the load of polar micro pollutants in the Llobregat river (NE Spain). , 2011, Chemosphere.

[57]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. , 2011, Water research.

[58]  D. Barceló,et al.  Cocaine and other illicit drugs in airborne particulates in urban environments: a reflection of social conduct and population size. , 2011, Environmental pollution.

[59]  D. Barceló,et al.  Are pharmaceuticals more harmful than other pollutants to aquatic invertebrate species: a hypothesis tested using multi-biomarker and multi-species responses in field collected and transplanted organisms. , 2011, Chemosphere.

[60]  Pollution in mediterranean-climate rivers , 2013, Hydrobiologia.

[61]  Thomas Backhaus,et al.  Predictive environmental risk assessment of chemical mixtures: a conceptual framework. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[62]  J. López-Dovál,et al.  Analysis of monitoring programmes and their suitability for ecotoxicological risk assessment in four Spanish basins. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[63]  D. Barceló,et al.  Assessing the effects of tertiary treated wastewater reuse on the presence emerging contaminants in a Mediterranean river (Llobregat, NE Spain) , 2012, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[64]  D. Barceló,et al.  Inputs of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in the Llobregat River Basin , 2012 .

[65]  V. Matamoros,et al.  Evaluation of the seasonal performance of a water reclamation pond-constructed wetland system for removing emerging contaminants. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[66]  A. Ginebreda,et al.  Emerging and Priority Pollutants in Rivers: Bringing Science into River Management Plans , 2012 .

[67]  D. Barceló,et al.  The Llobregat: The Story of a Polluted Mediterranean River , 2012 .

[68]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence and Behavior of Brominated Flame Retardants in the Llobregat River Basin , 2012 .

[69]  D. Barceló,et al.  Perfluorinated Compounds’ Analysis, Environmental Fate and Occurrence: The Llobregat River as Case Study , 2012 .

[70]  D. Barceló,et al.  Risk Assessment of Pollutants in the Llobregat River Basin , 2012 .

[71]  D. Barceló,et al.  Pharmaceuticals on a sewage impacted section of a Mediterranean River (Llobregat River, NE Spain) and their relationship with hydrological conditions , 2012, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[72]  X. Sanchez‐Vila,et al.  Assessing and forecasting the impacts of global change on Mediterranean rivers. The SCARCE Consolider project on Iberian basins , 2012, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[73]  D. Barceló,et al.  Illicit Drugs and Metabolites in the Llobregat River Basin , 2012 .

[74]  A Ginebreda,et al.  Prioritization of chemicals in the aquatic environment based on risk assessment: analytical, modeling and regulatory perspective. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[75]  A. MacGowan,et al.  Ofloxacin Photodegradation Products Possess Antimicrobial Activity , 1999, Drugs.

[76]  D. Barceló,et al.  Analysis of the occurrence and risk assessment of polar pesticides in the Llobregat River Basin (NE Spain). , 2012, Chemosphere.

[77]  D. Barceló,et al.  Are pesticide residues associated to rice production affecting oyster production in Delta del Ebro, NE Spain? , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[78]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence and modeling of pharmaceuticals on a sewage-impacted Mediterranean river and their dynamics under different hydrological conditions. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[79]  D. Barceló,et al.  Integrated Risk Index of Chemical Aquatic Pollution (IRICAP): case studies in Iberian rivers. , 2013, Journal of hazardous materials.

[80]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in wastewater, surface water and sediments from Catalonia. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[81]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence and behavior of pesticides in wastewater treatment plants and their environmental impact. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[82]  V. Matamoros,et al.  Evaluation of a coagulation/flocculation-lamellar clarifier and filtration-UV-chlorination reactor for removing emerging contaminants at full-scale wastewater treatment plants in Spain. , 2013, Journal of environmental management.

[83]  D. Barceló,et al.  Fully automated determination of nine ultraviolet filters and transformation products in natural waters and wastewaters by on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. , 2013, Journal of chromatography. A.

[84]  D. Barceló,et al.  Emerging and historical halogenated flame retardants in fish samples from Iberian rivers. , 2013, Journal of hazardous materials.

[85]  D. Barceló,et al.  Effects of pesticides and pharmaceuticals on biofilms in a highly impacted river. , 2013, Environmental pollution.

[86]  D. Barceló,et al.  Analysis of ethyl sulfate in raw wastewater for estimation of alcohol consumption and its correlation with drugs of abuse in the city of Barcelona. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[87]  D. Barceló,et al.  Assessment of multi-chemical pollution in aquatic ecosystems using toxic units: compound prioritization, mixture characterization and relationships with biological descriptors. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[88]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence of classic and emerging halogenated flame retardants in sediment and sludge from Ebro and Llobregat river basins (Spain). , 2014, Journal of hazardous materials.

[89]  J. Comas,et al.  Pharmaceuticals occurrence in a WWTP with significant industrial contribution and its input into the river system. , 2014, Environmental pollution.

[90]  D. Barceló,et al.  Hydrological variation modulates pharmaceutical levels and biofilm responses in a Mediterranean river. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[91]  D. Barceló,et al.  Removal of polar UV stabilizers in biological wastewater treatments and ecotoxicological implications. , 2015, Chemosphere.

[92]  D. Barceló,et al.  Invertebrate community responses to emerging water pollutants in Iberian river basins. , 2015, The Science of the total environment.

[93]  D. Barceló,et al.  Perfluoroalkyl substance contamination of the Llobregat River ecosystem (Mediterranean area, NE Spain). , 2015, The Science of the total environment.

[94]  D. Barceló,et al.  Risk assessment based prioritization of 200 organic micropollutants in 4 Iberian rivers. , 2015, The Science of the total environment.

[95]  D. Barceló,et al.  Pesticide monitoring in the basin of Llobregat River (Catalonia, Spain) and comparison with historical data. , 2015, The Science of the total environment.

[96]  D. Barceló,et al.  LC-HRMS suspect screening for detection-based prioritization of iodinated contrast media photodegradates in surface waters. , 2015, Environmental science & technology.

[97]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence and spatial distribution of EDCs and related compounds in waters and sediments of Iberian rivers. , 2015, The Science of the total environment.

[98]  圭隆 今泉.  化学物質の登録，評価，認可及び制限に関する規制（REACH規則） , 2016 .