Novel preparation of graded porous structures for medical engineering

The gradation of porosity in a biomaterial can be very useful for a variety of medical engineering applications such as filtration, bone replacement and implant development. However, the preparation of such structures is not a technologically trivial task and replication methods do not offer an easy solution. In this work, we elucidate the preparation of structures having a graded porosity by electrohydrodynamic spraying, using zirconia (ZrO2), which is widely used in biomedical and other applications. The processes are generic and can be achieved using other bioactive ceramics with similar particle characteristics. The pores on the sprayed surface, the innermost surface and lengthwise cross sections have been analysed in addition to the change in depth of penetration as a function of spraying time. Control of porosity, pore size and depth of penetration has been obtained by varying parameters such as the spraying time, sintering temperature and the sacrificial template. It has been possible to obtain structures with interconnected pore networks of pore size greater than 100 μm as well as scattered pores smaller than 10 μm in size.