The use, effectiveness, and hazards associated with police use of force: the unique case of weaponless physical force

ABSTRACT Many studies have been conducted on police use of force. However, relatively few have examined the most common type of force used by the police: physical force. In this study, we analyze use of force data collected in the US to: (1) describe and predict the circumstances in which physical force is used, (2) assess the effectiveness of it, and (3) examine the hazards associated with its use. Results show that physical force is most likely to be used in situations marked by lower levels of subject resistance. This explains both its frequent use and its effectiveness at incapacitating resistant subjects. However, physical force is also most likely to result in officer and subject injuries, which is problematic. Our findings highlight the relevance of de-escalation techniques in use of force situations.

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