Minimally Invasive Pseudo-continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring: Results from In-Vitro and In-Vivo Testing of the eTac

This paper presents the eTac, a smart shoe for autonomous blood glucose monitoring (BGM) that aims at replacing finger-pricking tests used by diabetic patients. The device works as the user is walking: an actuator mechanism harnesses natural forces exerted by the user's body weight to drive an electronically-controlled lancet penetrating the skin at the toe tip, and to aid in the extraction of a whole blood sample from subcutaneous capillaries. The blood sample is then collected and blood glucose concentration (BGC) is measured directly from it in-situ. In-vivo human testing results demonstrate the feasibility of the method.

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